Browsing by Subject "Goats"
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Item DETERMINING THE PREVALENCE OF SALMONELLASanders, Shanequa GeNey; Branham, Loree A.; Braden, Kirk W.; Wright, Andrew P.; Pate, Sandra K.Experiment one’s objective was determining prevalence of Salmonella in small ruminants, their carcass and products. Experiment two’s objective was to validate a commercial PCR system for Salmonella detection in fecal and hide samples. Goat and lamb carcass swabs were collected pre-evisceration (n=66), post-evisceration (n=70) and post-intervention (n=70). Hide swabs (n=103) and fecal samples (n=102) were aseptically retrieved. Samples were analyzed for Salmonella using Chi-square and McNemar’s statistics were performed using SAS. Salmonella was found in 22.55% of fecal, 17.48% of hide, 7.81% of pre-evisceration, 5.71% of post-evisceration, 1.43% of post-intervention and 18.18% of products. Results show real-time PCR systems are reliable detection methods for fecal and hide samples. Analysis of concordance showed substantial agreement beyond chance between the two methods when analyzing fecal samples (Kappa=0.65). Almost perfect agreement beyond chance between the two methods was detected when analyzing hide samples (Kappa=0.84).Item Effects of protein supplementation on the consumption of salt cedar in goats.(2011-05-25T17:01:19Z) Garcia, Ruben A.; Garcia, Ruben A.; Scott, Cody; Salisbury, Michael; Engdahl, Gil R.; May, Brain J.; Angelo State University. Department of Agriculture.Saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.) has encroached upon many Texas riparian and floodplain areas, causing decreases in water quality and plant/animal diversity. The objectives of this study were to determine if (1) goats would increase consumption of salt cedar, and (2) if protein supplementation improved salt cedar intake. Goats (n=20) were randomly selected and divided into 2 separate treatments. Treatment 1 was supplemented daily with a 37% crude protein ration and Treatment 2 (control group) was not supplemented. All treatments were given a basal ration of alfalfa (2.5% BW) and offered salt cedar. Salt cedar intake increased (P<0.05) on a daily basis in both treatments. Protein supplementation did not affect salt cedar intake. Alfalfa intake was similar between treatments. Both treatments gained weight during the study. Collectively, the results of this study suggest that goats will readily consume salt cedar, and protein supplementation has little apparent effect on salt cedar intake.Item Influence of goat breed and dietary experience on juniper intake and metabolism(Texas Tech University, 1995-08) Pritz, Robert K.The ultimate purpose of this research is to find ways to decrease the impact of juniper on rangelands and create a forage resource from a previously unusable species. It is unlikely that this line of research will lead to the eradication of juniper. Junipers can be an important species in providing cover and a source of emergency browse for livestock and many species of wildlife. However, options for its management are necessary to maintain healthy rangeland ecosystems.Item Performance evaluation, carcass characterization, and palatability assessment of hair sheep(2005-08) Schilling, Bradley J.; Brooks, Chance J.; Jackson, Samuel P.; Miller, Markus F.; Galyean, Michael L.; Pond, Kevin R.Wether lambs and kids from five crossbred breed groups: 50% Rambouillet x 25% St. Croix x 25% Dorper (RR) (n = 20); 25% Rambouillet x 37.5% St.Croix x 37.5% Dorper (SD) (n = 19); 50% Barbados Blackbelly x 25% St. Croix x 25% Dorper (BB) (n = 20); 7/8 Dorper x 1/8 Barbados Blackbelly (DD) (n = 16); and Boer x Spanish goats (GG) (n = 20), were used to analyze dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), and feed efficiency. The animals were blocked by body weight and assigned to one of three pens per breed group. The hair sheep were fed a concentrate diet (% concentrate and primary grain/roughage) ad libitum until a common weight endpoint was obtained. The Boer x Spanish goats also were fed ad libitum, although on a pelleted diet formulated specifically for goats. The target weight endpoints for the hair sheep and goats were 53 and 36 kg, respectively. Feed was weighed daily to determine intake. Animals were weighed on day 0 and weekly thereafter to determine body weight gain and feed efficiency. The SD and RR breed groups possessed the greatest ADG (P < 0.05) out of the five breed groups, gaining approximately 0.35 kg/day. The GG and the BB group statistically gained the least weight per day (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences among the SD, RR, and DD when analyzing feed efficiency, all performing the highest in this comparison. The BB group had the poorest feed efficiency (P<0.05), requiring 6.8 kg feed for 1kg of live weight gain, and thereby performing lower than the goat group. With these findings, it is evident that breed profile somewhat played a role in performance characteristics, as the two breed groups with Rambouillet influence seemed to outperform the other groups. This, in part, could be due to the additional mature frame size that is associated with the Rambouillet genetics, thereby increasing the live weight gain of the animals.Item Performance evaluation, carcass characterization, and palatability assessment of hair sheep(Texas Tech University, 2005-08) Schilling, Bradley J.; Brooks, Chance J.; Jackson, Samuel P.; Miller, Markus F.; Galyean, Michael L.; Pond, Kevin R.Wether lambs and kids from five crossbred breed groups: 50% Rambouillet x 25% St. Croix x 25% Dorper (RR) (n = 20); 25% Rambouillet x 37.5% St.Croix x 37.5% Dorper (SD) (n = 19); 50% Barbados Blackbelly x 25% St. Croix x 25% Dorper (BB) (n = 20); 7/8 Dorper x 1/8 Barbados Blackbelly (DD) (n = 16); and Boer x Spanish goats (GG) (n = 20), were used to analyze dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), and feed efficiency. The animals were blocked by body weight and assigned to one of three pens per breed group. The hair sheep were fed a concentrate diet (% concentrate and primary grain/roughage) ad libitum until a common weight endpoint was obtained. The Boer x Spanish goats also were fed ad libitum, although on a pelleted diet formulated specifically for goats. The target weight endpoints for the hair sheep and goats were 53 and 36 kg, respectively. Feed was weighed daily to determine intake. Animals were weighed on day 0 and weekly thereafter to determine body weight gain and feed efficiency. The SD and RR breed groups possessed the greatest ADG (P < 0.05) out of the five breed groups, gaining approximately 0.35 kg/day. The GG and the BB group statistically gained the least weight per day (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences among the SD, RR, and DD when analyzing feed efficiency, all performing the highest in this comparison. The BB group had the poorest feed efficiency (P<0.05), requiring 6.8 kg feed for 1kg of live weight gain, and thereby performing lower than the goat group. With these findings, it is evident that breed profile somewhat played a role in performance characteristics, as the two breed groups with Rambouillet influence seemed to outperform the other groups. This, in part, could be due to the additional mature frame size that is associated with the Rambouillet genetics, thereby increasing the live weight gain of the animals.Item Role of P-glycoprotein in Haemonchus contortus anthelmintic resistance.(2009-05-15) Garretson, Pamela DonnThe gastrointestinal parasite, Haemonchus contortus, is of major concern in the sheep and goat industry as well as in zoological settings. Over the years this parasite has developed resistance to the three classes of anthelmintics, benzimidazoles, imidazothiazoles and macrocyclic lactones, that are currently used for treatment. One of the mechanisms proposed to be involved in this resistance is the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (Pgp). In this study, the resistance status of several strains of H. contortus was evaluated using the larval development assay DrenchRite?. After documenting the resistance status of these strains, transcription of Pgp in L3 larvae after exposure to anthelmintics was quantitated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of the strains analyzed, only one was determined to be susceptible to all of the anthelmintics tested, while the others showed variable levels of resistance to one or more. A Haemonchus strain acquired from a giraffe at a zoo in Florida was the most resistant, showing extremely high levels of resistance to benzimidazoles and levamisole. Molecular characterization of the 18S rRNA gene and the internal transcriber spacer region (ITS) were performed on the giraffe strain to identify the species. Although there were variations in the isolate sequences, the most likely species for the giraffe strain was H. contortus. No transcription of Pgp was identified in H. contortus L3 larvae under the conditions of this study. Thus, increased Pgp does not appear to be a primary mechanism of drug resistance in this stage of the worm.Item The effects of olive pomace on the fatty acid profile and weight gain in Capra aegagrus hircus as a model for ruminants(2017-04-03) Urso, Philip M.; Beverly, Marcy M.; Kelley, Stanley F.; Anderson, Mark J.In the livestock industry, feed is one of the highest variables affecting the cost of production. Olive pomace is a by-product of the olive oil industry and could be considered as a potential livestock feedstuff to be used as an energy supplement due to its high fat content (15%) and can potentially alter the biochemical composition of blood and muscle tissue. This project was split into two phases; the objective of phase I was to determine if olive pomace could be used as an acceptable low cost feedstuff to maintain weight during the colder winter months. To accomplish this, 28 Spanish influenced goats were fed (2% of body weight, BW) varying amounts of fermented pomace with a protein pellet to meet NEm requirements. The four test groups (n=7) consisted of a 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3 olive pomace to concentrate ratio (O:C) as well as a control containing no pomace. All groups received molasses at 0.5% BW to improve the palatability of the feed and to further homogenize the ration to discourage selective eating of the mixture. Does were fed in herring bone style runs every morning for 49 days. The average daily gain (ADG) for the 1:3, 1:1, 3:1 and control groups were 0.0370, 0.0166, 0.0119, and 0.0262 kg/day, respectively with no difference detected between groups (P>0.88). A difference (P<0.001) in consumption rates was detected between treatments with the 3:1 group consuming more feed with an average of 0.785 kg/day compared to the control at 0.694 kg/day. Additionally, olive pomace may be consider as a cost effective supplement to reduce costs for maintenance rations. Ration costs were calculated at $0.153/kg for the 3:1 ration compared to $0.6386/kg for the pelleted control ration. On average, this difference in input cost can reduce a producer’s cost of feed by $13.53/hd over a 49 day maintenance feeding period (P<0.001) by feeding olive pomace. The objective of phase 2 was to determine if olive pomace could be supplemented at a level that increases the C18:1 concentration in blood. Mature Spanish-influence goats (n=14; 41.6 kg) were fed ad libitum olive pomace, starting at 2% of their BW for 28 days to determine if this by-product would alter circulating fatty acid content. Molasses was mixed with the ration at 0.5% BW to improve the palatability of the feed. Does were fed in herringbone-style runs every afternoon and BW and blood samples were collected every two weeks. There were significant changes in C18:1 and C18:2 over time with mean consumption of 0.55 kg/d over the duration of the trial. From d 0 to d 28, the serum concentration of C18:1 increased (P<0.001) by 8.67% and C18:2 increased (P<0.03) by an average of 4.38%. Serum concentration of C18:0 increased by 3.59% but this was not significant. There was also no significant increase in C16:0. If C18:1 is deposited in the muscle tissue as a result of increased concentration in the blood, then feeding olive pomace can be a healthy alternative to high starch ingredients such as corn and barley.Item Will super juniper-eating sires produce super juniper-eating offspring?(2011-03-03) Tidwell, Kendall W.; Tidwell, Kendall; Scott, Cody B.; Simpson, Warren K.; Walker, John W.; Salisbury, Micheal W.; Angelo State University. Department of Agriculture.When preconditioned in pens, goats develop a preference for juniper on pasture. The objective of this study was to see if sires selectively bred for high juniper consumption produce offspring that consume more juniper than offspring from sires chosen for production characteristics. Five sires chosen for high juniper consumption and five sires chosen for production characteristics were bred to 7 does each (n= 70). Kids were weaned at 90 days of age and placed in individual pens for feeding trials. Consumption of juniper was measured and compared among sire groups. Body condition scores and weights were taken and compared among sire groups after goats were on feed for 30 days following each feeding trial. There were no differences in juniper consumption, body condition scores, and weights among treatments. Goats increased juniper consumption daily in individual pens.