Browsing by Author "Anderson, Mark J."
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Item Improving marbling through genetics and feed supplements(Texas Tech University, 2005-12) Anderson, Mark J.; Johnson, Jay W.; Blanton, John R.; Kim, Sung W.Growth and quality are two major concerns to producers of meat animals. Lean growth in meat animal will affect the yield of that animal, and the amount of intramuscular fat will affect the quality of that animal. This thesis contains two studies that involved two different methods of producing an animal with improved growth and meat quality. The first study used animal breeding and genetics to produce a swine line with improved growth, marbling and meat quality. The second study used a feed supplement (Ascophyllum nodosum) to manipulate the processes involved in intramuscular fat deposition to produce greater fat deposition without affecting overall animal performance. Study 1 used two genetic swine lines, a low serum cholesterol (LC) swine line and a modern (M) swine line, that were crossed (LC×LC, LC×M, M×LC, and M×M) to produce a new line with improved weight gain, marbling and overall meat quality. Once weaned animals were penned by cross with three animals per pen. Pigs were weighed every 7 d from birth to end of nursery phase, then every 14 d until harvest at 154 d. Comparison of linear regressions of the LC×M line to the M×M line, and the LC×LC line to the M×LC line found that the LC×M line grew faster (P < 0.05) than the M×M line, and the LC×LC line grew slower (P < 0.05) than the M×LC line. Comparison of linear regressions of the M×M and M×LC lines found that the two lines were not different (P > 0.05) and grew at the same rate. No differences (P > 0.05) were seen in marbling between treatment groups, but LC×LC group tended to have less (P = 0.079) initial juiciness than the M×LC group, and less (P = 0.075) sustained juiciness than both the M×LC and LC×M groups. Offspring from an M line dam had heavier weights at d 14 and from 28-56 d than offspring from LC sows (P < 0.05). Interaction of sire and dam was seen from 0-7 d and from 70-154 d (P < 0.05). From this study two lines were formed with improved growth, but neither had improved marbling and meat quality. Study 2 used English cross steers (n = 32) and heifers (n = 32) that were fed a commercial corn based diet and differentially supplemented with 2% Ascophyllum nodosum to maximized intramuscular fat deposition as determined by quality grade. Cattle were blocked by sex and divided into one control and three treatment groups receiving Ascophyllum nodosum. Treatment 1 (trt 1) received Ascophyllum nodosum from d 36-50 of the feeding period, trt 2 received Ascophyllum nodosum for the last 14 d of the feeding period, and trt 3 which received Ascophyllum nodosum for both d 36-50 and the last 14 d of the feeding period. Cattle were weighted and ultrasounded at the commencement of trial and every 28 d following until they reach an average body weight of 544 kg. No effect for Ascophyllum nodosum supplementation was found on measured performance characteristics. All treatments groups supplemented with Ascophyllum nodosum had higher actual marbling scores (P < 0.05) than controls. Trt 1 was found to have a highest marbling score of 572.5 (P < 0.05) with the control group having the lowest marbling score of 473.75. Trt 1 had a higher (P < 0.05) quality grade than the control group (P < 0.05) and Trt 2 and Trt 3 were not different (P > 0.05) from any other treatment group. Control group had 25% Choice, 62.5% Select; trt 1 had 75% Choice, 18.8% Select; trt 2 had 62.5% Choice, 25% Select and trt 3 had 56.3% Choice and 31.2% Select. Overall, treatment groups had a 39.58 % increase in Choice quality grade and a 37.5 % decrease in Select quality grade when compared to the control group. These two studies revealed that it is difficult to positively affect both lean growth and intramuscular fat. However, through the use of genetic selection and feed supplementation, improvements in lean growth and intramuscular fat deposition can be achieved. Study 1 found that the effect of the dam on growth is often underestimated and more care should be taken when making breeding decisions. Currently many producers are using terminal cross sires to increase the growth of their offspring and the dam lines are bred to have large litters and good mothering ability. Data collected from this trial suggests that the dam also plays an important role in growth, even after lactation. Study two found that the use of Ascophyllum nodosum increases marbling score in English cross cattle without effecting performance. Supplementation from d 36-50 showed the greatest improvement in marbling score. While the mechanism of action for Ascophyllum nodosum as it relates intramuscular fat deposition is unknown the use of Ascophyllum nodosum as a feed supplement can help to improve marbling score in English cross cattle.Item Improving marbling through genetics and feed supplements(2005-12) Anderson, Mark J.; Johnson, Jay W.; Blanton, John R.; Kim, Sung W.Growth and quality are two major concerns to producers of meat animals. Lean growth in meat animal will affect the yield of that animal, and the amount of intramuscular fat will affect the quality of that animal. This thesis contains two studies that involved two different methods of producing an animal with improved growth and meat quality. The first study used animal breeding and genetics to produce a swine line with improved growth, marbling and meat quality. The second study used a feed supplement (Ascophyllum nodosum) to manipulate the processes involved in intramuscular fat deposition to produce greater fat deposition without affecting overall animal performance. Study 1 used two genetic swine lines, a low serum cholesterol (LC) swine line and a modern (M) swine line, that were crossed (LC×LC, LC×M, M×LC, and M×M) to produce a new line with improved weight gain, marbling and overall meat quality. Once weaned animals were penned by cross with three animals per pen. Pigs were weighed every 7 d from birth to end of nursery phase, then every 14 d until harvest at 154 d. Comparison of linear regressions of the LC×M line to the M×M line, and the LC×LC line to the M×LC line found that the LC×M line grew faster (P < 0.05) than the M×M line, and the LC×LC line grew slower (P < 0.05) than the M×LC line. Comparison of linear regressions of the M×M and M×LC lines found that the two lines were not different (P > 0.05) and grew at the same rate. No differences (P > 0.05) were seen in marbling between treatment groups, but LC×LC group tended to have less (P = 0.079) initial juiciness than the M×LC group, and less (P = 0.075) sustained juiciness than both the M×LC and LC×M groups. Offspring from an M line dam had heavier weights at d 14 and from 28-56 d than offspring from LC sows (P < 0.05). Interaction of sire and dam was seen from 0-7 d and from 70-154 d (P < 0.05). From this study two lines were formed with improved growth, but neither had improved marbling and meat quality. Study 2 used English cross steers (n = 32) and heifers (n = 32) that were fed a commercial corn based diet and differentially supplemented with 2% Ascophyllum nodosum to maximized intramuscular fat deposition as determined by quality grade. Cattle were blocked by sex and divided into one control and three treatment groups receiving Ascophyllum nodosum. Treatment 1 (trt 1) received Ascophyllum nodosum from d 36-50 of the feeding period, trt 2 received Ascophyllum nodosum for the last 14 d of the feeding period, and trt 3 which received Ascophyllum nodosum for both d 36-50 and the last 14 d of the feeding period. Cattle were weighted and ultrasounded at the commencement of trial and every 28 d following until they reach an average body weight of 544 kg. No effect for Ascophyllum nodosum supplementation was found on measured performance characteristics. All treatments groups supplemented with Ascophyllum nodosum had higher actual marbling scores (P < 0.05) than controls. Trt 1 was found to have a highest marbling score of 572.5 (P < 0.05) with the control group having the lowest marbling score of 473.75. Trt 1 had a higher (P < 0.05) quality grade than the control group (P < 0.05) and Trt 2 and Trt 3 were not different (P > 0.05) from any other treatment group. Control group had 25% Choice, 62.5% Select; trt 1 had 75% Choice, 18.8% Select; trt 2 had 62.5% Choice, 25% Select and trt 3 had 56.3% Choice and 31.2% Select. Overall, treatment groups had a 39.58 % increase in Choice quality grade and a 37.5 % decrease in Select quality grade when compared to the control group. These two studies revealed that it is difficult to positively affect both lean growth and intramuscular fat. However, through the use of genetic selection and feed supplementation, improvements in lean growth and intramuscular fat deposition can be achieved. Study 1 found that the effect of the dam on growth is often underestimated and more care should be taken when making breeding decisions. Currently many producers are using terminal cross sires to increase the growth of their offspring and the dam lines are bred to have large litters and good mothering ability. Data collected from this trial suggests that the dam also plays an important role in growth, even after lactation. Study two found that the use of Ascophyllum nodosum increases marbling score in English cross cattle without effecting performance. Supplementation from d 36-50 showed the greatest improvement in marbling score. While the mechanism of action for Ascophyllum nodosum as it relates intramuscular fat deposition is unknown the use of Ascophyllum nodosum as a feed supplement can help to improve marbling score in English cross cattle.Item Influence of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on body composition of weaned pigs(2017-04-12) Lindsey, Christina Espindola; Beverly, Marcy M.; Kelley, Stanley F.; Anderson, Mark J.; Stutts, Kyle J.Cross bred gilts (n=32), that were approximately 8 wk old with a mean BW of 16 kg, were used in a randomized complete block design to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on body composition of weaned, growing pigs. The pigs were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to a treatment group; control treatment group (n=8), 0.33% CLA (n=8), 0.66% CLA (n=8), and 1.0% CLA (n=8). Feed was distributed via self-feeders, ad libitum, and CLA supplementation was administered as an oral drench daily at 0600. Body weights were recorded every 7 d, 10th rib back fat thickness was measured every 14 d via ultrasonography, longissimus muscle area (LMA) was measured via ultrasonography on d 0, 42, and 84. Data was analyzed using the mixed procedure of SAS. There was no main effect of CLA supplementation on BW (P = 0.73), 10th rib back fat thickness (P = 0. 36) or LMA (P = 0.69); however, there was a difference in the 10th rib back fat thickness on d 70 and 84 of the trial. Pigs supplemented with 0.66% (P ≤ 0.02) and 1.0% (P ≤ 0.05) CLA had reduced back fat thickness compared to the control group. These data indicate that CLA supplemented at varying rates for 84 d has no effect on BW or LM, but may reduce back fat thickness measured at the 10th rib. Further studies are needed to explore the effects of dietary supplementation of CLA on body composition of growing, weaned pigs.Item The effect of CLA supplementation on fat deposition and lean muscle mass in horses(2017-03-31) Miller, Elizabeth F.; Beverly, Marcy M.; Leatherwood, Jessica L.; Anderson, Mark J.Fatty acids are utilized within the equine industry to increase the caloric density of a diet as well as replace soluble carbohydrates. Omega-3 fatty acids are the most commonly supplemented fatty acids due to their potential health benefits; however, palatability limitations have spurred an investigation into alternative fatty acids like conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). CLA has shown health benefits similar to that of omega-3s, but the effect of CLA on equine fat deposition and lean muscle mass has yet to be established. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of supplementing elevated levels of CLA on both lean muscle mass and fat deposition in young growing horses. In phase I of this study, 10 Quarter horses were fed between 5.0% and 10.0% of the concentrate diet, increasing the supplementation level every 3 d to determine the maximum inclusion rate of CLA in horses. In phase II, 9 Quarter horses were separated into 2 treatment groups fed either a control diet of soybean oil or CLA (n = 4 and 5/group, respectively) for 12-wks with BW and sex evenly distributed across treatments. Diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous and each treatment was offered at 0.015% BW/d. Growth measurements were collected weekly; rump fat thickness (RFT), ribeye area (REA), back fat (BF) and intramuscular fat (IMF) were measured on d 7, d 42, and d 84 of the feeding period. The MIXED procedure in SAS was used with repeated measures to detect differences in growth performance and ultrasound measurements. There were no differences in performance characteristics or fat content between treatment groups (P > 0.05). In order to account for initial differences between treatments (P < 0.05); REA between the 17th and 18th ribs (REA17) was run with d 7 as a covariate. Mean REA17 tended to be higher in CLA supplemented horses (P < 0.07) when compared to controls. These results suggest that in an equine model, CLA does not affect growth performance or fat deposition, but may increase lean muscle mass in young growing horses. Further studies examining these effects over longer supplementation periods or in obese or insulin-resistant horses may offer insight to potential benefits of CLA in the horse.Item The effects of olive pomace on the fatty acid profile and weight gain in Capra aegagrus hircus as a model for ruminants(2017-04-03) Urso, Philip M.; Beverly, Marcy M.; Kelley, Stanley F.; Anderson, Mark J.In the livestock industry, feed is one of the highest variables affecting the cost of production. Olive pomace is a by-product of the olive oil industry and could be considered as a potential livestock feedstuff to be used as an energy supplement due to its high fat content (15%) and can potentially alter the biochemical composition of blood and muscle tissue. This project was split into two phases; the objective of phase I was to determine if olive pomace could be used as an acceptable low cost feedstuff to maintain weight during the colder winter months. To accomplish this, 28 Spanish influenced goats were fed (2% of body weight, BW) varying amounts of fermented pomace with a protein pellet to meet NEm requirements. The four test groups (n=7) consisted of a 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3 olive pomace to concentrate ratio (O:C) as well as a control containing no pomace. All groups received molasses at 0.5% BW to improve the palatability of the feed and to further homogenize the ration to discourage selective eating of the mixture. Does were fed in herring bone style runs every morning for 49 days. The average daily gain (ADG) for the 1:3, 1:1, 3:1 and control groups were 0.0370, 0.0166, 0.0119, and 0.0262 kg/day, respectively with no difference detected between groups (P>0.88). A difference (P<0.001) in consumption rates was detected between treatments with the 3:1 group consuming more feed with an average of 0.785 kg/day compared to the control at 0.694 kg/day. Additionally, olive pomace may be consider as a cost effective supplement to reduce costs for maintenance rations. Ration costs were calculated at $0.153/kg for the 3:1 ration compared to $0.6386/kg for the pelleted control ration. On average, this difference in input cost can reduce a producer’s cost of feed by $13.53/hd over a 49 day maintenance feeding period (P<0.001) by feeding olive pomace. The objective of phase 2 was to determine if olive pomace could be supplemented at a level that increases the C18:1 concentration in blood. Mature Spanish-influence goats (n=14; 41.6 kg) were fed ad libitum olive pomace, starting at 2% of their BW for 28 days to determine if this by-product would alter circulating fatty acid content. Molasses was mixed with the ration at 0.5% BW to improve the palatability of the feed. Does were fed in herringbone-style runs every afternoon and BW and blood samples were collected every two weeks. There were significant changes in C18:1 and C18:2 over time with mean consumption of 0.55 kg/d over the duration of the trial. From d 0 to d 28, the serum concentration of C18:1 increased (P<0.001) by 8.67% and C18:2 increased (P<0.03) by an average of 4.38%. Serum concentration of C18:0 increased by 3.59% but this was not significant. There was also no significant increase in C16:0. If C18:1 is deposited in the muscle tissue as a result of increased concentration in the blood, then feeding olive pomace can be a healthy alternative to high starch ingredients such as corn and barley.