Browsing by Subject "war"
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Item Agriculture, technology, and conflict(2009-05-15) Zilverberg, Cody JohnConflict and agriculture have a long, shared history. The purpose of this research is to look at the relationships between agriculture, agricultural technologies, and conflict during current and recent conflicts, large scale and localized. Agriculture and its related technologies are often affected by conflict, but rarely acknowledged as a cause or solution to conflict. Literature reviews in six topic areas illustrate various facets of the relationship between agriculture and conflict. Research conducted in Santa Cruz del Quich?, Guatemala illustrates the ways farmers were impacted by the country?s civil war. It also examines farmer survival strategies during the war, and reveals the presence of minor localized conflict over water resources. Conflict over land is not a major concern at present. Market access for inputs and outputs are shown to have been a problem for a number of farmers during the civil war. The poverty of Santa Cruz farmers indicates that much could be gained by rural development. Research is unable to support the hypotheses that agricultural technologies have prevented or caused conflict in Santa Cruz del Quich?, or that they have played a large role in recovery from the country?s civil war. The author recommends that future research be undertaken in regions with a diverse set of agricultural technologies, and/or a recent history of significant technological change in agriculture. Policy recommendations include providing secure access to markets during war time, increasing capacity for home-based rural production, and continuing research into resilient crops. Finally, the author suggests that the responsible decision to develop, adopt, or introduce an agricultural technology must take into account the social consequences of that decision, including how the new technology may alleviate or contribute to conflict.Item Caught in the Crossfire: Strategies of Multinationals in Host Countries at War(2012-02-14) Dai, LiThis dissertation examines the strategic choices of multinational enterprises (MNEs) in host countries that become engaged in war. By combining the resource-based view and resource management theory, and drawing additional insights from research on real options and foreign strategic exit, I link the costs attributable to war to the strategic responses of the MNE at the subsidiary level in a novel firm-vulnerability framework. In particular, I develop theory regarding whether a subsidiary will exit from a host country, and if so, the timing (early or late) and mode (whole or partial) of exit. I test my hypotheses on a sample of 626 subsidiaries from 386 Japanese MNEs representing 51 industries in 23 countries at war, both interstate and civil, over the period 1988 to 2006. In analyzing the exit likelihood and timing decisions with time-varying covariates, I employ an extended Cox proportional hazard model, which allows for random-effects modeling of predictor variables at the subsidiary, parent MNE, and host country levels. To determine the exit mode of subsidiaries that choose exit over staying, I use binomial logit models. To correct for potential sample selection bias, I replicate my exit mode results with a Heckman probit model. My findings suggest that iv increasing strategic flexibility can counterbalance the potential disadvantages associated with leveraging strategically salient resources in high-risk locations. In examining war as a broad-based perturbation capable of destroying not only institutionalized values, but also the physical infrastructure and human capital of firms, this dissertation empirically demonstrates how political violence influences the strategies of MNEs. Furthermore, my interdisciplinary approach in integrating theoretical lenses from climate change and natural environment sustainability with existing management literatures to examine the effect of war on firms serves to enhance our understanding of individuals and collectives in extreme conditions.Item Media induced anxiety in the active duty medical clinic setting: A pilot study(2009-05-21) Jonathan Michael Strobel; Laura Rudkin; Ruth Levine; Dan FreemanMedia stimuli have long been used in the research community to evaluate autonomic responses among subpopulations. Prior to the terrorist attacks of 9/11, the majority of research had been focused on war veterans, rape/crime victims, and vehicle accident victims. Post- 9/11, a new surge of research has been focused on survivors, eyewitnesses, and media watchers to the extraordinary events that occurred on that historic day. The current news media stimuli of violent activities and economic and political turmoil are potential stressors for active duty soldiers who have faced or will face similar events in the near future. These types of media stressors could potentially lead to unnecessary autonomic response in the active duty soldiers who are a susceptible population. Currently there is no policy is in place to regulate what is being shown in the waiting rooms of clinics attended by these soldiers. The aims of this Capstone are twofold. The first aim is to assess the impact of current news media coverage on the anxiety levels of active duty soldiers in the clinical setting. The second aim is to propose recommendations regarding the types of media that should be restricted in the military medical clinic setting.