Browsing by Subject "smectite"
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Item Characterization and Safety of Clays as Potential Dietary Supplements to Prevent Aflatoxicosis(2011-05-10) Marroquin-Cardona, Alicia 1979-Aflatoxins are toxic metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus fungi. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most toxic and is a potent carcinogen with antinutritional and immunosuppressive effects. Several natural outbreaks of poisoning have been reported in both animals and humans, with fatal consequences in some of the cases. Inclusion of clay minerals in the diet is a promising strategy to reduce the bioavailability of aflatoxins from contaminated foods. Several clay-based products are currently sold as ?mycotoxin binders? for addition in feeds, many of them lacking of detailed efficacy and safety data. Similarly, clays intended for human consumption in different countries also lack of safety studies, and for most of them the mineral composition is unknown. Earlier studies in our laboratory have shown that NovaSil clay (NS), a Ca-bentonite, is able to reduce the adverse effects associated with aflatoxin exposure in different animal species and recent human trials have confirmed its efficacy and safety. Most clays are derived from naturally-occurring deposits and batch-to-batch variations in composition, particle size, non-framework trace metal content and dioxin levels are expected. Therefore, objectives in this research were to determine the mineral composition, aflatoxin binding capacity and potential safety of ?mycotoxin binders? and edible clays for humans, and to investigate the mineral characteristics and safety of two potential aflatoxin adsorbents, a refined clay with more uniform particle size (UPSN) and a sodium bentonite (Na-BENT). Both clays have low dioxin/furans and heavy metals levels. According to mineralogical analysis, most of the ?binders? contained montmorillonite but the sorption capacities for AF varied. Most of the edible clays for humans contained kaolinite, mica and quartz, and they had low sorption capacities for aflatoxin. UPSN and Na-BENT had similar mineral characteristics and high sorption capacities for aflatoxin. After a 3-month rodent study using Sprague Dawley rats, no overall toxicity was observed for either clay. No changes were observed for most of the blood and serum biochemical parameters. Important findings included the increased serum Na, Ca, vitamin E and Na/K ratio and the reduction of serum K and Zn (in males) due to ingestion of the bentonites. Nonetheless, all parameters fell within the normal ranges reported for rats less than 6 months old and no trends of dose dependency were observed. We conclude that ingestion of low levels of bentonites does not present a health risk.Item Layer-by-Layer Assembled Smectite-Polymer Nanocomposite Film for Rapid Detection of Low-Concentration Aflatoxins(2012-11-01) Hu, He 1987-Aflatoxin is a potent biological toxin produced by fungi Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Current quantification methods for aflatoxins are mostly established on immunoaffinity columns which are both costly and labor intensive. Inspired by smectites? high aflatoxin adsorption capacity and affinity, a novel aflatoxin quantification sensor based on smectite-polyacrylamide (PAM) nanocomposite was fabricated. First, a smectite-PAM nanocomposite film was synthesized on flat silicon substrates which assembled smectite particles from the clay suspension. A layer-by-layer assembly process was developed to achieve uniform morphology and thickness of the nanocomposite films. During the aflatoxin quantification process, positive correlations between the fluorescence intensity from the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) adsorbed smectite-PAM nanocomposite films and the AFB1 concentration in the test solutions were obtained. The smectite-PAM nanocomposite film has shown similar AFB1 adsorption capabilities as the smectite. Second, the smectite-PAM nanocomposite film was optimized in order to achieve the aflatoxin quantification at ppb level (below 20ppb) in corn extraction solutions. The smectite was modified by Ba2+, which had demonstrated to be able to improve its aflatoxin adsorption capacity. PAM aqueous solutions with the mass concentration ranging from 0.8% to 0.001% were tested. The results showed that the nanocomposite synthesized from 0.005% concentration of PAM solution generated the best properties. After the optimization, the smectite-PAM nanocomposite films achieved the detection of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2 (AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2) in 10 ppb corn extraction solution. Aflatoxin quantifications in AFB1 and AFB2 mixture solution, AFB1 and AFB2 mixture solution and AFB1 and AFG1 mixture solution were conducted, and the recoveries of last test ranged from 90.52% to 110.11% at low aflatoxin concentration (below 20 ppb). Third, in order to shorten the quantification duration and simplify the detection process, a novel aflatoxin detection array based on smectite-PAM nanocomposite and an improved fluorometric quantification method were developed. Through a microfluidic chip, the reaction time was reduced to 10~20min. Two concentration levels (20~80ppb/5~15ppb) of aflatoxin B1 spiked corn extraction solutions were tested. In the fluorometric quantification step, a common lab-use 365 nm ultraviolet lamp replaced the spectrofluorometer which simplified and accelerated the process.