Browsing by Subject "magnetic"
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Item Circular sensor array and nonlinear analysis of homopolar magnetic bearings(Texas A&M University, 2007-04-25) Wiesenborn, Robert KyleMagnetic bearings use variable attractive forces generated by electromagnetic control coils to support rotating shafts with low friction and no material wear while providing variable stiffness and damping. Rotor deflections are stabilized by position feedback control along two axes using non-contacting displacement sensors. These sensor signals contain sensor runout error which can be represented by a Fourier series composed of harmonics of the spin frequency. While many methods have been proposed to compensate for these runout harmonics, most are computationally intensive and can destabilize the feedback loop. One attractive alternative is to increase the number of displacement sensors and map individual probe voltages to the two independent control signals. This approach is implemented using a circular sensor array and single weighting gain matrix in the present work. Analysis and simulations show that this method eliminates runout harmonics from 2 to n-2 when all sensors in an ideal n-sensor array are operational. Sensor failures result in reduced synchronous amplitude and increased harmonic amplitudes after failure. These amplitudes are predicted using derived expressions and synchronous measurement error can be corrected using an adjustment factor for single failures. A prototype 8-sensor array shows substantial runout reduction and bandwidth and sensitivity comparable to commercial systems. Nonlinear behavior in homopolar magnetic bearings is caused primarily by the quadratic relationship between coil currents and magnetic support forces. Governing equations for a permanent magnet biased homopolar magnetic bearing are derived using magnetic circuit equations and linearized using voltage and position stiffness terms. Nonlinear hardening and softening spring behavior is achieved by varying proportional control gain and frequency response is determined for one case using numerical integration and a shooting algorithm. Maximum amplitudes and phase reversal for this nonlinear system occur at lower frequencies than the linearized system. Rotor oscillations exhibit amplitude jumps by cyclic fold bifurcations, creating a region of hysteresis where multiple stable equilibrium states exist. One of these equilibrium states contains subharmonic frequency components resulting in quasiperiodic rotor motion. This nonlinear analysis shows how nonlinear rotor oscillations can be avoided for a wide range of operation by careful selection of design parameters and operating conditions.Item Gas Kinetic Study of Magnetic Field Effects on Plasma Plumes(2012-12-07) Ebersohn, Frans 1987-Plasma flow physics in magnetic nozzles must be clearly understood for optimal design of plasma propulsion devices. Toward that end, in this thesis we: i) perform an extensive literature survey of magnetic nozzle physics, ii) assess the validity of magnetohydrodynamics for studying magnetic nozzle physics, and iii) illustrate the effects of the Hall term in simple flows as well as in magnetic nozzle configurations through numerical experiments with the Magneto-Gas Kinetic Method (MGKM). The crucial steps necessary for thrust generation in magnetic nozzles are energy conversion, plasma detachment, and momentum transfer. These three physical phenomena must be understood to optimize magnetic nozzle design. The operating dimensionless parameter ranges of six prominent experiments are considered and the corresponding mechanisms are discussed. An order of magnitude analysis of the governing equations reveal: i) most magnetic nozzles under consideration operate at the edge of the continuum regime rendering continuum-based description and computation valid; ii) in the context of MHD framework, the generalized Ohm?s law must be used to capture all of the relevant physics. This work also continues the development of the Magneto Gas Kinetic Method (MGKM) computational tool. Validation of the solver is performed in shock-tube and Hartmann channel flows in the Hall physics regime. Comparison with theory and available data is made whenever possible. Novel numerical experiments of magnetic nozzle plasma jets in the Hall regime are performed, confirming the theoretically predicted azimuthal rotation of the plasma jet due to Hall physics. The primary conclusion from this work is that the addition of the Hall effect generates helical structures in magnetic nozzle plasma flows. Preliminary results are encouraging for future magnetic nozzle studies and further challenges are identified.Item Hertz Potentials and Differential Geometry(2011-08-08) Bouas, Jeffrey DavidI review the construction of Hertz potentials in vector calculus starting from Maxwell's equations. From here, I lay the minimal foundations of differential geometry to construct Hertz potentials for a general (spatially compact) Lorentzian manifold with or without boundary. In this general framework, I discuss "scalar" Hertz potentials as they apply to the vector calculus situation, and I consider their possible generalization, showing which procedures used by previous authors fail to generalize and which succeed, if any. I give specific examples, including the standard at coordinate systems and an example of a non-flat metric, specifically a spherically symmetric black hole. Additionally, I generalize the introduction of gauge terms, and I present techniques for introducing gauge terms of arbitrary order. Finally, I give a treatment of one application of Hertz potentials, namely calculating electromagnetic Casimir interactions for a couple of systems.Item Manganese Based Oxidative Technologies For Water/Wastewater Treatment(2013-08-27) Desai, IshanManganese is a commonly occurring mineral found in soil and sediments that takes part in chemical reactions in groundwater and soil systems. It plays a significant role in controlling the environmental fate and transport of organic and inorganics by facilitating redox reactions. The reactivity of manganese oxides with some emerging contaminants like 4-tert octylphenol (OP) in aqueous systems is yet to be explored. Additionally, manganese's use within treatment systems designed to remove trace organics is yet to be fully developed. This research work explores the reactivity of manganese oxide to degrade OP in aqueous systems. The rate equation has been determined by conducting experiments at various conditions of oxide and organic loading as well as different pH's. The reaction order was found to be ? 1.1 for both oxide as well as the organic. The reactivity was much higher under acidic conditions. The presence of metals and humic acids greatly reduced the reactivity. The primary reaction by-product observed in the system was 4-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2yl)benzene-1,2-diol. Magnetic manganese ferrites were further created in the laboratory using a novel combustion method in order to blend the catalytic properties of manganese with the magnetic and structural properties of ferrites. These laboratory prepared catalysts were thoroughly characterized using XRD, SEM, TEM, HR-TEM, and BET. Their magnetic properties have also been studied. These manganese ferrites offer the potential to enhance hydroxyl radical production within catalytic ozonation systems. Thus their catalyst effectiveness was determined by measuring R_(ct), ozone exposure, hydroxyl radical production, and ozone decomposition. The effect of catalyst type, catalyst dosage, pre-ozonation, pH, and presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the hydroxyl radical production during catalytic ozonation was also explored. An increase in ozone dosage, catalyst dosage, and PVA content enhanced organic removal in the system. Organic removal was lower at a decreased system pH, in the presence of DOM, and with increasing levels of Mn incorporated into the catalyst. Pre-ozonation of the catalyst at lower dosages did not have an effect on the system, though extensive pre-ozonation greatly reduced catalyst activity. Overall, R_(ct) and organic removal were not correlated.Item Spin hall effect in paramagnetic thin films(2009-05-15) Xu, HuachunSpintronics, an abbreviation of spin based electronics and also known as magneto electronics, has attracted a lot of interest in recent years. It aims to explore the role of electrons? spins in building next generation electric devices. Using electrons? spins rather than electrons? charges may allow faster, lower energy cost devices. Spin Hall Effect is an important subfield of spintronics. It studies spin current, spin transport, and spin accumulation in paramagnetic systems. It can further understanding of quantum physics, device physics, and may also provide insights for spin injection, spin detection and spin manipulation in the design of the next generation spintronics devices. In this experimental work, two sets of experiments were prepared to detect the Spin Hall Effect in metallic systems. The first set of experiments aims to extract Spin Hall Effect from Double Hall Effect in micrometer size metal thin film patterns. Our experiments proved that the Spin Hall Effect signal was much smaller than the theoretically calculated value due to higher electrical resistivity in evaporated thin films. The second set of experiments employs a multi-step process. It combines micro fabrication and electrochemical method to fabricate a perpendicular ferromagnet rod as a spin injector. Process description and various techniques to improve the measurement sensitivity are presented. Measurement results in aluminum, gold and copper are presented in Chapters III, IV and V. Some new experiments are suggested in Chapters V and VI.Item Subsurface conductive isolation of refraction correlative magnetic signals (SCIRCMS)(Texas A&M University, 2004-11-15) Erck, Eric StephensonIsolation of terrestrially-observed magnetic signals by restoring their diffusive loss due to subsurface electrical conductivity sufficiently correlates these signals with those derived from the Alfven ionospheric electron movement of refraction variation. Temporary magnetic observatories were established on a conductive sedimentary basin (with a sampling interval of 5 s) and on a resistive large igneous intrusion (with a sampling interval of 10 s). Conventional modeling techniques estimate and remove the effects of the magnetometer, geomagnetic diurnal changes, whorls (solar quiet current vortices), and some bays from the acquired signals. Conventional one-dimensional skin depth modeling estimates the diffusive attenuation. The residual magnetic signal and the diffusive filter (as applied to the topography) become quantities in the linear system estimation of the geoelectric subsurface. Angular frequency domain least squares solution of the equations yields an isolated magnetic anomaly spectrum. Interpretive refinement, by selection of the zero or near zero curvature onset of either the spectrum's real or imaginary component, critically prepares the signal solution for correlation to a pseudomagnetic anomaly signal. This is an independently-derived sequence of anomalous values derived from Global Positioning System (GPS) refracted ranges. Detailed application of the Biot-Savart law provides independent anomaly signals to which the magnetic anomalies correlations show great correlation improvement by the isolation. These correlation improvements are from 2% to 83% and 9% to 91% for the sedimentary basin and from 2% to 96% and 24% to 78% for the igneous intrusion.