Browsing by Subject "insulin resistance"
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Item A Comparison Pilot Study of Motor-level Electrical Stimulations for Lowering Postprandial Glucose LevelsJohnson, Annika; Hansen, Trevor; McCluskey, Charity; Huang, Han-Hung; Weise, Shelly; Ko, Man-SooAbstract Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of three Motor-level Electrical Stimulation (MES) parameters, NMES, Russian current, and low-rate transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) on non-diabetic healthy subjects’ postprandial glucose levels, heart rate, and oxygen consumption (VO2). Background: MES has been shown to improve glucose tolerance and glucose uptake in both animals and humans. The effects of MES include increasing the following: heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen uptake, ventilatory capacity, muscle bulk, muscle oxidative process, and muscle glycogen depletion. Recently, MES has been shown to improve blood glucose control in people with type 2 diabetes. However, limited research is available that comprehensively compares varying MES parameters on the effects of postprandial glucose levels. Methods: Twenty-eight healthy student subjects were randomly assigned to either the NMES, Russian current, TENS, or control group without any MES. Subjects participated in an overnight fast of at least 8 hours and had their fasting blood glucose measured. Subjects were given a glucose supplement to drink within 10 minutes, rested in supine for 30 minutes then the second glucose level was taken. Subjects received a 30 minute treatment intervention followed by the third blood glucose measurement. Subjects then rested an additional 30 minutes followed by obtaining the final blood glucose measurement. VO2 levels were monitored every 30 seconds, and heart rate was monitored every 3 minutes throughout the 90 minute study. Results: There were no significant differences between groups on glucose levels and heart rates throughout the study. The Russian group demonstrated a statistically significant increase up to 10% in VO2 compared to the control group. Conclusion: MES seems to have no effects on postprandial glucose levels in non-diabetic healthy subjects. While 30-minute MES treatment did not change the heart rate, Russian current significantly increased the VO2. Our findings indicate Russian current may have the potential to be applied to mimic exercise better than NMES or TENS. Further research is required to explore the effects of Russian current on blood glucose levels in people with T2D.Item A Role for PFKFB3/IPFK2 in Overnutrition-Associated Adipose Tissue and Intestine Inflammatory Responses and Insulin Resistance(2013-04-25) Guo, XinOvernutrition causes many metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes. PFKFB3/iPFK2 is a master regulator of adipocyte and intestinal nutrient metabolism. Using PFKFB3/iPFK2+/? mice and adipocyte-specific PFKFB3 over-expression mice, the present study investigated the role of PFKFB3/iPFK2 in regulating diet-induced adiposity, inflammation in adipose tissue and intestine, and systemic insulin resistance. On a high-fat diet (HFD), PFKFB3+/? mice gained much less body weight than did wild-type littermates. However, HFD-induced systemic insulin resistance in PFKFB3+/? mice was more severe than in wild-type littermates. In contrast, adipocyte-specific PFKFB3 over-expression increased adiposity but suppressed overnutrition induced adipose tissue inflammatory response and improved insulin sensitivity. In addition to adipose tissue, PFKFB3/iPFK2 also played a role in intestine events. Compared to wild-type littermates, PFKFB3+/? mice displayed a significant increase in the expression of intestinal inflammatory markers on a HFD. In conclusion, PFKFB3 protects against overnutrition-induced adipose tissue and intestine inflammatory response and systemic insulin resistance in an adiposity-independent manner. Selective PFKFB3 activation may be viable for treating and/or preventing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.Item Effect of consuming ground beef of differing monounsaturated fatty acid content on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk factors in healthy men(2009-05-15) Cao, XiaojuanAtherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is currently the most common cause of death in the United States. Some dietary factors contribute importantly to ASCVD and other factors can reduce risk of ASCVD. Oleic acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA). Dietary patterns in which oleic acid contributes to a majority of dietary fatty acids are associated with reduced ASCVD risk. These beneficial effects are due to MUFA-induced lipoprotein profile changes such as decreases in low density lipoprotein (LDL) and increases in high density lipoprotein (HDL). LDL oxidation plays a central role in atherosclerosis development as it both initiates and propagates atherosclerosis. HDL is anti-atherogenic as it can attenuate LDL oxidation. HDLs are a class of diverse lipoprotein that varies in protein and enzymatic composition. The paraoxonase (PON) family of enzymes, especially PON1, is primarily expressed in the liver; PON activity in the circulatory system is associated with HDL. Both PON and HDL have been documented to be anti-atherogenic. Other factors such as homocysteine and C-reactive protein (CRP) can also be considered risk factors for ASCVD. However, studies of risk factors in healthy men who consume ground beef with a different content of MUFA are lacking; hence, no conclusive evidence has established whether consuming a high amount of MUFA in the form of ground beef alters the development of atherosclerosis. The overall purpose of this study was to investigate whether the provision of ground beef with a fractionally higher MUFA content could lower or improve several ASCVD risk factors in men who consume ground beef. These risk factors include the metabolic indices of glucose, insulin and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), inflammation risk factors of CRP and homocysteine and anti-risk factor of paraoxonase. The concentration of homocysteine was determined spectrophotometrically following separation by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Enzyme-linked imminosorbent assay kits that measured the CRP and insulin concentration in plasma. The significance of the results was determined by subjecting the data to ANOVA using the general linear model for repeated measurement (P<0.05). From this study, it can be concluded that MUFA has a beneficial effect of lowering risks as determined by metabolic indices and lipoprotein profile. Moreover, our study showed that different concentrations of MUFA in ground beef has no effect on PON1 activity, but that increased beef consumption generally reduces PON1 in association with increases in homocysteine concentration while improving indicators of glucose tolerance.Item Protein Degradative Processes Associated with Anabolic Dysregulation in Diabetic Skeletal Muscle(2014-05-19) Perticone, Jacqueline IleneSkeletal muscle of obese Zucker rats function at higher rates of anabolism when compared to lean littermates, and are resistant to the anabolic effect of exercise. We recently determined that DEP domain containing mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-interacting protein (DEPTOR), a potent negative binding partner of mTOR, is reduced in skeletal muscle of diabetic rats, suggesting that regulation of this protein may participate in the altered protein metabolism. The purpose of this investigation was to assess key regulators of DEPTOR expression, RING-box protein 1 (Rbx1) and beta-transducin repeat-containing protein (?-TrCP), in gastrocnemius muscle of rats with or without type 2 diabetes, with or without in vivo resistance exercise. We hypothesized that the reduced expression of DEPTOR would be accompanied by altered expression of Rbx1 and/or ?-TrCP. Tissues from thirty male Zucker rats (16 lean [L], 14 obese [F]) collected from previous studies were used for this investigation. Rats were subsequently assigned to sedentary ([S]; 8 LS, 6 FS) or resistance exercise ([E]; 8 LE, 8 FE) groups. Exercised rats participated in four progressive bouts, with increasing repetitions and loads, over 8 days. Results indicate that DEPTOR mRNA levels were consistent with previously reported protein levels, with reduced content in LE compared to LS (p<0.05) and obese groups (FS and FE) not different than LE (p>0.05). ?-TrCP protein levels were not affected by exercise, but were higher (39%) in obese compared to lean animals; whereas, ?-TrCP mRNA content was 113% greater in FE compared to FS (p<0.05). There was a main effect of resistance exercise on Rbx1 protein content, where exercised animals had 30% lower levels of protein than sedentary animals. Further analysis revealed that Rbx1 protein content was suppressed by exercise in lean animals only (49% lower). A main effect of exercise was also observed for Rbx1 mRNA, where exercised animals displayed 47% higher levels than sedentary animals (p<0.05). In conclusion, we speculate that the heightened anabolic function in obese animals may be partly due to increased protein levels of ?-TrCP, which may lead to suppressed DEPTOR levels and unrestricted mTOR activity. Additionally, the ?-TrCP /DEPTOR interaction may be a key culprit for the reported resistance to anabolic stimuli in diabetic skeletal muscle.