Browsing by Subject "injury"
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Item Impact of Herbicides on Winter Canola (Brassica napus L.) Production and Fatty Acid Composition in South Texas(2013-01-16) Cogdill, Todd JosephCanola is a cool-season, oilseed crop grown throughout Europe, Canada, and the Northern Great Plains region of the United States. The expansion of canola production into new growing regions, such as the Southern Plains region, has resulted in new production challenges. The Southern Plains region cultivates canola as a winter annual compared to a spring annual for the Northern Great Plains and Canada. Given the difference in climate and weed spectrum, region-specific weed management systems need to be developed. Agronomic practices can affect seed oil content, protein content, and fatty acid composition, however the effect of herbicides on these and other characteristic of canola are unknown. Therefore, experiments were conducted in 2010 and 2011 to evaluate a broad spectrum of herbicides for potential use in South Texas canola production with respect to crop injury, effects on canola seed oil content, fatty acid composition, weed control, biomass yield, and forage quality. Visual crop injury at 42 DAE was unacceptable for saflufenacil at both 0.12 and 0.06 kg ai ha-1 and ethalfluralin at 1.05 kg ai ha-1. Trifluralin at 1.12 and 0.56 kg ai ha-1, S-metolachlor at 2.14 and 1.07 kg ai ha-1, pyroxasulfone at 0.24 and 0.12 kg ai ha-1, and pendimethalin at 0.8 kg ai ha-1 had lowest visual injury of all treatments. Fluroxypyr applied EPOST caused severe injury at both 0.21 and 0.11 kg ae ha-1. All other EPOST treatments did not cause any visible injury. Seed oil content was not affected by the herbicides evaluated. Fatty acid composition, specifically stearic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, and oleic to linolenic acid ratio, was affected by herbicide treatments. This research found that protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPG oxidase) inhibitor herbicides, such as carfentrazone-ethyl and saflufenacil, negatively affect canola oil quality. Biomass yield was improved for all herbicide treatments except pendimethalin PRE when compared to the untreated plots. Crude protein content of canola forage was not affected by herbicide treatment. Digestible dry matter appeared to be reduced by treatments that included an EPOST application of sethoxydim. The research shows that pendimethalin and S-metolachlor may be suitable for canola production in South Texas based on low crop injury and effective weed control. Neither pendimethalin nor S-metolachlor is currently labeled for use in canola. The herbicides trifluralin, ethalfluralin, quizalofop P-ethyl, ethametsulfuron-methyl, sethoxydim, glyphosate, clethodim, and clopyralid are currently labeled for use in canola and were confirmed suitable for canola production in South Texas. Carfentrazone-ethyl is currently labeled for use in canola but the effects on oil quality should be considered.Item Predicting injury among nursing personnel using personal risk factors(Texas A&M University, 2004-09-30) Gjolberg, Ivar HenryThe purpose of this thesis was to develop a means of predicting future injury among nursing personnel working in a hospital system. Nursing has one of the highest incidence rates of musculoskeletal injuries among U.S. occupations. Endemic to the job are tasks such as rolling, sitting, standing, and transferring large, and often times, uncooperative patients. These tasks often place large biomechanical stresses on the musculoskeletal system and, in some cases, contribute to or cause a musculoskeletal injury. Given the current nursing shortage, it is imperative to keep nurses injury-free and productive so they can provide patient care services. Even though a large number of nursing personnel are injured every year and most are exposed to these high levels of biomechanical stress, the majority of nurses are injury-free. The question then arises "Why do some nurses have injuries while others do not?" The purpose of this thesis was to determine whether individual attributes in a population of nurses were associated with risk of future injury. The subject population was comprised of 140 nursing personnel at a local hospital system hired between April 1995 and February 1999. Data on individual attributes, such as patient demographics, previous injuries, posture, joint range of motion, flexibility, and muscular strength, was ascertained during a post-offer screening on these personnel. Twenty six (19%) nurses experienced an injury associated with the axial skeleton. Chi square test for homogeneity for the categorical predictor variables, and the Student's T-test for continuous predictor variables were used to determine if any individual attributes were associated with future injuries. None of the variables were associated with a risk of future axial skeletal injury. Practical application of these results for St. Joseph Regional Health Center, and possibly other acute care facilities, directs us to stop costly pre-employment/post-offer testing for the purpose of identifying injury prone nurse applicants. Secondly, it allows the focus of limited resources to be on making the job safer through administrative and engineering controls.Item Rice (Oryza sativa L.) response to clomazone as influenced by rate, soil type, and planting date(Texas A&M University, 2006-08-16) O'Barr, John HoustonClomazone is an effective herbicide widely used for preemergence grass control in rice. However, use of clomazone on sandy textured soils of the western Texas rice belt may cause serious rice injury. When labeled for rice in 2001, sandy textured soils were excluded. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effect of soil characteristics and water potential on plant-available clomazone and rice injury. A centrifugal double-tube technique was used to determine plant-available concentration in soil solution (ACSS), total amount available in soil solution (TASS), and Kd values for clomazone on four soils at four water potentials. A rice bioassay was conducted parallel to the plant-available study to correlate biological availability to ACSS, TASS, and Kd. TASS was significantly different in all soils at the 1% level of significance. The order of increasing TASS for the soils studied was Morey Edna Nada Crowley which correlated well with soil characteristics. Two field experiments at three locations were conducted in 2002 and 2003 to determine the optimum rate range that maximizes weed control and minimizes crop injury across a wide variety of soil textures and planting dates. At Beaumont, Eagle Lake, and Ganado, TX, preemergence application of 0.41 to 0.56, 0.38 to 0.43, and 0.36 to 0.42 kg ha-1 clomazone, respectively, provided optimum weed control with minimal rice injury. Data suggests that clomazone is safe to use on rice on sandy textured soils. Injury may occur, but, rates suggested from this research will minimize injury and achieve excellent weed control. As a result, amendments to the herbicide label will allow clomazone use on sandy textured soils giving rice producers more flexibility and access to another effective herbicide.Item The Effect of Planting Strategies, Imazethapyr Rates, and Application Timings on CLEARFIELD? Hybrid Rice Injury(2012-02-14) Turner, Aaron LylesCLEARFIELD? rice, which is a non-genetically modified crop that is tolerant to herbicides in the imidazolinone family has helped producers combat red rice problems in rice since it?s introduction in 2002. Recently, breeders introduced hybrid CLEARFIELD? lines hoping to maintain the desired herbicide-resistant traits while having the added benefits of a hybrid. Soon after the hybrid line was released, farmers noticed herbicide injury to these new varieties while following the label recommendations. Research was performed to test the hybrids on the effect of planting date, planting density, and imazethapyr application rate on visual plant injury at Beaumont and Eagle Lake, TX in 2008 and 2009. A secondary experiment was designed to test the effect of imazethapyr application timing and rate on plant height, fresh weight, and dry weight in Eagle Lake and Beaumont, TX in 2010 with a greenhouse experiment in College Station, TX in 2009. The 2008 and 2009 field trials were planted at three different densities, (28, 39, and 50 kg ha-1) with two different planting dates representing the months of March and April. Herbicide treatments consisted of four 1- to 2-leaf rates of imazethapyr that included 0.035, 0.07, 0.105, and 0.14 kg ha-1, followed by two 4- to 6-leaf rates of imazethapyr of 0.07 and 0.105 kg ha-1. Rice showed injury symptoms two weeks after the second application of imazethapyr but was able to recover soon after nitrogen fertilizer application and flood establishment. Grain yield was not significantly different in plots that received a full labeled rate of imazethapyr or more for either location in either year. The 2009 greenhouse study and 2010 field studies included treatments that had one early post at 1- to 2-leaf and one of two different late post applications that included either a 3- to 4-leaf or a 5- to 6-leaf treatment. The three rates included in the early 1- to 2-leaf application were 0, 0.035 and 0.07 kg ai ha-1. The four rates included in the late application were 0, 0.07, 0.105, and 0.14 kg ai ha-1. Plants treated with the labeled rate, 0.07 to 0.105 kg ai ha-1 at each 1- to 2-leaf and 3- to 6-leaf stage, showed no significant differences in yield, or quality; however, significant differences were recorded in height. According to this data, hybrid rice seems to be tolerant to imazethapyr applications and timings.