Browsing by Subject "cross-correlation"
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Item A CPU-GPU Hybrid Approach for Accelerating Cross-correlation Based Strain Elastography(2011-10-21) Deka, SthitiElastography is a non-invasive imaging modality that uses ultrasound to estimate the elasticity of soft tissues. The resulting images are called 'elastograms'. Elastography techniques are promising as cost-effective tools in the early detection of pathological changes in soft tissues. The quality of elastographic images depends on the accuracy of the local displacement estimates. Cross-correlation based displacement estimators are precise and sensitive. However cross-correlation based techniques are computationally intense and may limit the use of elastography as a real-time diagnostic tool. This study investigates the use of parallel general purpose graphics processing unit (GPGPU) engines for speeding up generation of elastograms at real-time frame rates while preserving elastographic image quality. To achieve this goal, a cross-correlation based time-delay estimation algorithm was developed in C programming language and was profiled to locate performance blocks. The hotspots were addressed by employing software pipelining, read-ahead and eliminating redundant computations. The algorithm was then analyzed for parallelization on GPGPU and the stages that would map well to the GPGPU hardware were identified. By employing optimization principles for efficient memory access and efficient execution, a net improvement of 67x with respect to the original optimized C version of the estimator was achieved. For typical diagnostic depths of 3-4cm and elastographic processing parameters, this implementation can yield elastographic frame rates in the order of 50fps. It was also observed that all of the stages in elastography cannot be offloaded to the GPGPU for computation because some stages have sub-optimal memory access patterns. Additionally, data transfer from graphics card memory to system memory can be efficiently overlapped with concurrent CPU execution. Therefore a hybrid model of computation where computational load is optimally distributed between CPU and GPGPU was identified as an optimal approach to adequately tackle the speed-quality problem in real-time imaging. The results of this research suggest that use of GPGPU as a co-processor to CPU may allow generation of elastograms at real time frame rates without significant compromise in image quality, a scenario that could be very favorable in real-time clinical elastography.Item Feasibility of the Interferometric Neighboring Fracture Method and Improved Relative Travel Time Measurement(2014-12-16) Shtaygrud, IlaanThe recently proposed Interferometric Neighboring Fracture (INF) localization method places unique and demanding constraints on relative travel time measurement accuracy and precision, while sampling a function of relative travel times between pairs of microseismic events as measured along a linear array. Conducting two synthetic trials, I analyze the relationship between event-receiver geometry and relative travel time measurement error and its effect on the feasibility of INF localization. The results indicate that even for typical hydraulic fracturing monitoring geometries, measurement error can exceed the feasible error limits of INF localization. In order to mitigate this error, I propose a new relative travel time measurement technique, Modified Adaptive Steering (MAS), along with a unique preprocessing methodology, Progressive Template Extraction (PTE). Analyzing synthetic data sets with varying SNR ratios, and a field recorded microseismic data set, I compare the performance of PTE-preprocessed MAS to conventional cross-correlation (CXC). Results of both synthetic and field recorded data analysis indicate that PTE enhanced MAS outperforms CXC as a general lag measurement technique, reducing average lag error by as much as 1.25 ms at SNRs below 10. With respect to the unique constraints of the INF method, PTE-MAS produces as many as 4.2 times as many usable samplings of the relative travel time function, while reducing error in stationary position and lag by up to 15 m and 2.5 ms, respectively.