Browsing by Subject "coccidiosis"
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Item Effects of the Anticoccidial Drug Amprolium on Broiler Breeder Performance and Enteric Health Following Coccidiosis Vaccination(2012-02-14) Pohl, Samantha KayeTwo experiments were performed to evaluate effects of amprolium administration at specific times and concentrations in replacement broiler breeders of three genetic lines vaccinated against coccidiosis. Effects on performance parameters including body weight and flock uniformity, and post-vaccination oocyst cycling patterns were evaluated in addition to development of immunity following clinical Eimeria challenge according to gross and microscopic lesion scoring, post-challenge body weight gain (BWG), and total oocyst output. Experiment one was conducted on fresh pine shavings while experiment two was conducted on used litter remaining in treatment pens from the first trial. No significant differences were seen among treatment groups with regard to body weight in either trial. Increased magnitude of oocyst shedding was observed in trial one, Line A with the group receiving amprolium on day 10. Trends in the data indicated increased uniformity in Line A related to amprolium administration following day 21. The group in Line A receiving amprolium at day 10 showed a significantly lower degree of total oocyst output following challenge than the other medicated groups. The group receiving amprolium on day 10 in Line B showed significant reduction in post-vaccination oocyst shedding following treatment in both trials while all shedding was delayed in trial two when compared to the first trial. Effects on uniformity in Line B pullets varied between trials with trends indicating it being advantageous when used litter was a factor. Higher post-challenge BWG was observed in Line B pullets administered the low concentration at day 16 than the controls. Reductions in gross lesion development were seen in Line B pullets in both trials. Line C pullets receiving the highest concentration of amprolium at day 16 showed significantly less uniformity in trial one while the controls appeared to perform better than all medicated groups in trial two. All medicated groups in Line C exhibited delayed and increased magnitudes of oocyst shedding in trial two. These data indicate that the effects of amprolium on performance and immunity development are variable according to genetic strain and indicated that administration may be influenced by litter condition.Item Role of Vaccination in the Control of Turkey Coccidiosis: Vaccine Associated Oocyst Shedding, Lesions, and Mucosal Gene Expression(2012-07-11) Behl, Michelle 1983-Coccidiosis vaccine associated side effects, oocyst shedding patterns, intestinal lesions, and mucosal gene expression in the turkey were studied. The first study examined vaccine associated side effects and oocyst shedding patterns under experimental conditions. Peak oocyst shedding occurred on days 5-6, 13-17, and 19-20 days post vaccination. Throughout the course of the study, several poults exhibited clinical coccidiosis. Based on body weights, growth was correlated with vaccine cycling. The second study examined coccidiosis vaccine induced lesions and changes in mucosal gene expression on day 5, 10, 13, 17, and 20 days post vaccination. Poults were gavaged the equivalent of 0x, 1/2x, 1x, and 2x the available vaccine dose. Intestinal sections adjacent to the Meckel's diverticulum, ileocecal junction, and middle of the ceca were collected for histological analysis and gene expression. Measurements from the tip of the villus to the base of the lamina propria, villus width, and the muscularis mucosae thickness were acquired from the histological sections. Interleukin-10, IL-1beta, and GAPDH gene expression were measured by extracting mRNA in the tissues and quantified using real-time RT-qPCR. Starting on day five post vaccination, the control group weighed significantly more than the group that received the 2x dose. Body weight and oocyst dose were inversely related through day 17. Intestinal measurements did not necessarily correlate with the vaccine dose, although there appears to be some correlation on day five. There were no significant changes in the mucosal gene expression of IL-10 and IL-1beta in the intestinal tissue adjacent to the Meckel's diverticulum throughout the course of the study. On day five post vaccination, IL-10 and IL-1beta were significantly upregulted in the ileocecal junction. Interleukin-10 was significantly upregulated on day 17 and IL-1beta was significanlty down regulated on day 20 in the ileocecal junction. Both IL-10 and IL-1beta were significantly upregulated in the ceca days 5, 10, and 13 post vaccination. Interleukin-10 was significnalty upregulated in the ceca on day 17 and significantly down regulated on day 20. Individual variation among poults in the same group merits further attention.Item The Effects of Probiotic and Eimeria on Gut Morphology and Humoral Immunity in Broilers(2012-02-14) Horrocks, Sadie LynCoccidiosis has a negative economic impact on the commercial poultry industry, and probiotics are beneficial bacteria that aid in maintaining healthy gut microflora. We hypothesized that probiotic administration would positively affect gut morphology and increase IgG secretion during an Eimeria challenge, which was evaluated by measuring total chicken IgG and gut morphology (villus height, villus width, villus surface area, crypt depth, villus height to crypt depth ratio and lamina propria thickness). On day-of-hatch, broilers were placed into floor pens with 50 percent pine shavings and 50 percent used litter. The broilers were exposed to Eimeria oocysts via the feed on day 14 and challenged on day 36. On days 6, 22, 36, and 43, tissue samples from the intestine were collected for morphological evaluation, and blood samples were taken to quantify chicken IgG from serum. Data were measured using a factorial ANOVA and main effect means were deemed significant at P ? 0.05. In cases where significant interactions were observed, data was subjected to a one-way ANOVA. All means were separated using a Duncan?s Multiple Range Test. On day 6 in the duodenum, a significant interaction was observed regarding vaccination and probiotic administration (Coccivac?-B, Intervet/Schlering-Plough Animal Health/Merck and Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ). Villus height to crypt depth ratio decreased in ionophore treated birds compared to control birds in the duodenum and lower ileum on day 6, 36, and 43. Villus crypt depth in vaccinated birds decreased in the duodenum after the challenge. On day 43, the ionophore treated birds had less villus height and surface area compared to control and vaccinated birds, while lamina propria thickness increased in the duodenum, and non probiotic birds had longer villi than probiotic birds. On day 22, vaccinated birds had significantly increased chicken IgG levels compared to the control and ionophore birds, and the non probiotic birds had significantly increased IgG secretion compared to probiotic fed birds. On day 36, the ionophore birds had significantly increased levels of IgG compared to the control birds, which could also support that the ionophore delayed exposure to the parasite. These results suggest that gut morphology and humoral immunity are affected by probiotic administration, coccidiosis vaccination, ionophore application and Eimeria challenge. Both the day 43 morphology results and day 36 chicken IgG results for the ionophore treated birds demonstrates that ionophore administration delays exposure of the avian gut to invasive coccidia. More research is necessary to evaluate how probiotics influence coccidiosis vaccination and humoral immunity, so that probiotics may be used to improve the effectiveness of coccidiosis vaccination and to evaluate if probiotics aid in ameliorating the effects of an Eimeria infection.