Browsing by Subject "bentonite"
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Item Characterization and Safety of Clays as Potential Dietary Supplements to Prevent Aflatoxicosis(2011-05-10) Marroquin-Cardona, Alicia 1979-Aflatoxins are toxic metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus fungi. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most toxic and is a potent carcinogen with antinutritional and immunosuppressive effects. Several natural outbreaks of poisoning have been reported in both animals and humans, with fatal consequences in some of the cases. Inclusion of clay minerals in the diet is a promising strategy to reduce the bioavailability of aflatoxins from contaminated foods. Several clay-based products are currently sold as ?mycotoxin binders? for addition in feeds, many of them lacking of detailed efficacy and safety data. Similarly, clays intended for human consumption in different countries also lack of safety studies, and for most of them the mineral composition is unknown. Earlier studies in our laboratory have shown that NovaSil clay (NS), a Ca-bentonite, is able to reduce the adverse effects associated with aflatoxin exposure in different animal species and recent human trials have confirmed its efficacy and safety. Most clays are derived from naturally-occurring deposits and batch-to-batch variations in composition, particle size, non-framework trace metal content and dioxin levels are expected. Therefore, objectives in this research were to determine the mineral composition, aflatoxin binding capacity and potential safety of ?mycotoxin binders? and edible clays for humans, and to investigate the mineral characteristics and safety of two potential aflatoxin adsorbents, a refined clay with more uniform particle size (UPSN) and a sodium bentonite (Na-BENT). Both clays have low dioxin/furans and heavy metals levels. According to mineralogical analysis, most of the ?binders? contained montmorillonite but the sorption capacities for AF varied. Most of the edible clays for humans contained kaolinite, mica and quartz, and they had low sorption capacities for aflatoxin. UPSN and Na-BENT had similar mineral characteristics and high sorption capacities for aflatoxin. After a 3-month rodent study using Sprague Dawley rats, no overall toxicity was observed for either clay. No changes were observed for most of the blood and serum biochemical parameters. Important findings included the increased serum Na, Ca, vitamin E and Na/K ratio and the reduction of serum K and Zn (in males) due to ingestion of the bentonites. Nonetheless, all parameters fell within the normal ranges reported for rats less than 6 months old and no trends of dose dependency were observed. We conclude that ingestion of low levels of bentonites does not present a health risk.Item Detecting Aflatoxicosis in Broilers in the Evaluation of Clay-based, Toxin-binding Feed Additives(2014-11-17) Fowler, Justin CaseThe objectives of this research were to evaluate common biological measures of aflatoxicosis in broilers (such as growth rate and relative organ weights) along with variables such as hepatic gene expression and aflatoxin residues in the liver, pursuant to identifying a more sensitive biological assay that will allow researchers to conduct three-week broiler trials at aflatoxin concentrations <1000 ppb, prior to significant changes in the growth rate or relative organ weights. This will help us both better understand how aflatoxicosis presents in broilers, as well as help us evaluate the efficacy of clay-based binders for their ability to ameliorate aflatoxicosis under experimental conditions. In the first study, a recently mined calcium bentonite clay (TX4) was evaluated against Novasil?. Both clays appeared able to sequester aflatoxin, and overall TX4 appeared capable of ameliorating aflatoxicosis comparable to Novasil?. In the second study, growth and relative organ weight data were compared with the gene expression of hepatic enzymes known to detoxify aflatoxin B1 in broilers that had consumed a wide range of aflatoxin concentrations. When gene expression data from liver samples were analyzed, the genotypic effect of aflatoxin on the CYP1A1 and CYP2H1 isoforms simply mirrored the phenotypic effects seen in the growth and relative organ weights, suggesting that this variable was not any more sensitive than the more traditional ones. The third study evaluated the TX4 clay when in diets containing <1000 ppb aflatoxin. Although weight gain was unaffected by aflatoxin at these lower levels (after three weeks on treatment diets, body weights between the 0 ppb treatment and the 700 ppb treatment only varied by 4%), there were negative effects on feed conversion and productivity index and there was an increase in the relative weights of the liver and kidney. The inclusion of TX4 to the treatment diets did not offer any amelioration from the main effects of aflatoxin. Finally, a study was conducted to evaluate the effects of TX4 clay when using residues of aflatoxin B1 in the liver as the primary variable of interest. Results after one week on treatment diets showed that TX4 was effective at reducing the accumulation of aflatoxin B1 residues in liver. However, after the first week, liver residue data were not any more sensitive in evaluating aflatoxin or clay effects when compared to the ?traditional? measures of growth performance and organ weights. Also, these results indicate that the clearance time required to remove aflatoxin residues from the liver is less than one week on a clean corn diet. Based on these evaluations, attempts to characterize a more sensitive, sentinel-type response to aflatoxin exposure in broilers were not any more successful at evaluating aflatoxicosis than was the common bioassay measures such as growth rate and relative organ weights. These studies (by contaminating corn with aflatoxigenic species of Aspergillus) were able to find significant main effects for aflatoxin at lower concentrations (?1000 ppb) than had been previously reported by the studies that included inoculated rice.Item Sintered Bentonite Ceramics for the Immobilization of Cesium- and Strontium-Bearing Radioactive Waste(2010-07-14) Ortega, Luis H.The Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative (AFCI) is a Department of Energy (DOE) program, that has been investigating technologies to improve fuel cycle sustainability and proliferation resistance. One of the program's goals is to reduce the amount of radioactive waste requiring repository disposal. Cesium and strontium are two primary heat sources during the first 300 years of spent nuclear fuel's decay, specifically isotopes Cs-137 and Sr-90. Removal of these isotopes from spent nuclear fuel will reduce the activity of the bulk spent fuel, reducing the heat given off by the waste. Once the cesium and strontium are separated from the bulk of the spent nuclear fuel, the isotopes must be immobilized. This study is focused on a method to immobilize a cesium- and strontium-bearing radioactive liquid waste stream. While there are various schemes to remove these isotopes from spent fuel, this study has focused on a nitric acid based liquid waste. The waste liquid was mixed with the bentonite, dried then sintered. To be effective sintering temperatures from 1100 to 1200 degrees C were required, and waste concentrations must be at least 25 wt%. The product is a leach resistant ceramic solid with the waste elements embedded within alumino-silicates and a silicon rich phase. The cesium is primarily incorporated into pollucite and the strontium into a monoclinic feldspar. The simulated waste was prepared from nitrate salts of stable ions. These ions were limited to cesium, strontium, barium and rubidium. Barium and rubidium will be co-extracted during separation due to similar chemical properties to cesium and strontium. The waste liquid was added to the bentonite clay incrementally with drying steps between each addition. The dry powder was pressed and then sintered at various temperatures. The maximum loading tested is 32 wt. percent waste, which refers to 13.9 wt. percent cesium, 12.2 wt. percent barium, 4.1 wt. percent strontium, and 2.0 wt. percent rubidium. Lower loadings of waste were also tested. The final solid product was a hard dense ceramic with a density that varied from 2.12 g/cm3 for a 19% waste loading with a 1200 degrees C sintering temperature to 3.03 g/cm3 with a 29% waste loading and sintered at 1100 degrees C. Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (DSC-TGA) of the loaded bentonite displayed mass loss steps which were consistent with water losses in pure bentonite. Water losses were complete after dehydroxylation at ~650 degrees C. No mass losses were evident beyond the dehydroxylation. The ceramic melts at temperatures greater than 1300 degrees C. Light flash analysis found heat capacities of the ceramic to be comparable to those of strontium and barium feldspars as well as pollucite. Thermal conductivity improved with higher sintering temperatures, attributed to lower porosity. Porosity was minimized in 1200 degrees C sinterings. Ceramics with waste loadings less than 25 wt% displayed slump, the lowest waste loading, 15 wt% bloated at a 1200 degrees C sintering. Waste loading above 25 wt% produced smooth uniform ceramics when sintered >1100 degrees C. Sintered bentonite may provide a simple alternative to vitrification and other engineered radioactive waste-forms.