Browsing by Subject "Work and family"
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Item A path analytic investigation of interrole conflict and organizational commitment related to performance ranking(Texas Tech University, 1996-12) Chadwick, ColleenRole theory can serve as a valuable conceptual framework to understand how an individual functions in the work and family domains. The challenge for any individual is to manage multiple roles to achieve balance. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of multiple roles, interrole conflict, multiple role balance, and organizational commitment to performance ranking. The sample consisted of 344 County Extension agents in Texas. Family role, personal interest/self-development role, job role, interrole conflict, multiple role balance and organizational commitment were assessed using 4-point Likert scales. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify the underlying patterns of responses to the 51 questionnaire items. Multiple role balance and interrole conflict were found to be intercorrelated, and were intergraded into one latent exogenous variable, interrole conflict. The five latent exogenous variables were defined by fifteen indicator variables, and the one manifest endogenous variable was determined by performance ranking. The path analytic study was conducted using SAS^R CALIS. Results indicated that the personal interest/self-development role had a positive relationship with interrole conflict. There was a significant positive relationship found between job role and organizational commitment. Time commitment was the strongest predictor of both family role and personal interest/self-development role, but was the weakest predictor of the job role. This suggested that Extension Agents devoted necessary time to fulfill job responsibilities at the sacrifice of time for family and self. These findings were congruent with previous empirical studies.Item Cross-national comparison of parenting attitudes: women's and men's attitudes towards participation of household tasks and childcare(Texas Tech University, 1999-12) Apparala, Malathi LathaStudying attitudes is very important because attitudes often predict actual behavior. Attitudes might be the cause of many unresolved conflicts in families and may be related to marital satisfaction. Attitudes toward participation in household tasks and childcare by fathers and mothers were explored using Resource Theory, Social Role Theory, and Postmaterialism/Materialism. Individual-level, family-level, and macro-level hypotheses were formulated to test the basic assumptions of these theories. The present study utilized data from Euro-Barometer surveys including data from 15,136 individuals residing in 13 countries in Europe. Analysis procedures included simple correlations and multi-level regression equations. On the whole, the study clearly indicated that men's and women's attitudes toward household tasks and childcare are related to various individual, and macro-level factors. It was found that at the individual level respondents held egalitarian attitudes towards household work and childcare when they were younger, were female and held liberal political attitudes. At the country level, gender empowerment, GNP, and individualism were related to egalitarian attitudes towards household work and childcare. When looking at results separately by gender, social class was positively related to egalitarian attitudes towards household work and childcare in women. Few of the hypotheses were not supported, which might be because of methodological and conceptual problems. Researchers should consider replicating the results to support these findings. Study implications, strengths and weaknesses, as well as suggestions for future research were addressed.Item Essays on female labor supply and fertility responses to marital dissolution(2003) Tsao, Tsu-Yu; Hamermesh, Daniel S.; Stinchcombe, MaxwellChoices regarding labor supply and fertility by married women are generally made to maximize family welfare in harmonious marriages. However, as the prospect of marital dissolution becomes likely over time, labor supply and childbearing decisions may not be formulated in a manner that are consistent with the goal of household utility maximization, rather they are often determined to improve individual post-marital wellbeing. The current literature that addresses the effects of marital disruption on labor supply and childbearing within marriage assumes the choices made by the wife are independent of the actions undertaken by the husband and thereby ignores the possible strategic interaction between members of the household. By exploring the strategic behaviors on the part of the spouses, we find new answers to some old questions.Item How was your day? It's more than just a greeting: communication about work in dual-career marriages(Texas Tech University, 2004-05) Keys, Amanda AThe purpose of this study was to explore how dual-career married couples describe and experience communication about work. Communication about work in the marital relationship has direct implications on the quality of marital interactions in dual-career couples. While there were data that support work influences on marital interactions m dual-career marriages (Burke & Weir, 1976; Moore, 1980; Rapoport & Rapoport, 1976; Krueger, 1985), there was little evidence that described communication about work in dual-career marriages. Through the use of m-depth interviews, this study not only allows for a greater understanding of communication about work in dual-career couples, but also affords a greater understanding of marital interactions in general, as they influence two very large spheres of interactions, work and family. The findings revealed the categories of features and functions of communication about work which led to the emergence of multiple subcategories and themes. From the findings, five lessons regarding communication about work were derived which revealed the power and intricacies of work talk in dual-career marriages.Item Social support as a moderator between the relationship of parental status of women in dual-earner families and marital adjustment(Texas Tech University, 1997-12) Graham, Carolyn W.The Triple ABCX Model (Anderson et al.. 1993) and the Stress Buffering Hypothesis (Cohen & Wills, 1985) were used in guiding the examination of moderating effects of social support on the relationship between parental status and marital adjustment in dual-eamer women. As predicted, dual-eamer women without children reported higher levels of marital adjustment when compared to dual-eamer women with children. Contrary to predictions, the social support network size was not associated with the level of marital adjustment. However, fdings did support the hypothesis that women with children who reported lower social exchange support (affective and instrumental) were the most vulnerable compared to the other groups. Findings also indicated that affective exchange was an influential dimension of social support, whereas instrumental was not. Implications and limitations of the research were also discussed.Item The relationship between family life satisfaction and job satisfaction for employed Hispanic and Anglo women(Texas Tech University, 1986-12) Cripps, Jane SperryWork and family life traditionally have been portrayed as separate domains. With changing social, demographic, and economic trends, this perspective has been challenged. However, the nature of the relationship between work and family life remains unclear. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between family life satisfaction and job satisfaction of Hispanic and Anglo women in the paid labor force. Employees from participating companies, agencies, and organizations in one southern state completed a mailed questionnaire distributed by contact persons within each worksite. This study was confined to a subset of 291 Hispanic and 655 Anglo females. Family life satisfaction and job satisfaction were measured using 7-point Likert-type, facet-specific scales developed for the study. Principal components analysis and factor analysis with varimax rotation were used to identify underlying patterns of responses to 27 items measuring family life satisfaction. The five factors identified were family cohesiveness, family/personal time, life status, parent-child concerns, and external support. Twenty-one items measuring job satisfaction were reduced to three factors: intrinsic factors, extrinsic factors, and independence/autonomy. The nature of the relationship between family life satisfaction and job satisfaction was investigated using Linear Structural Relations (LISREL) with unweighted least squares. One of LISREL's merits is that it may be used to examine the plausibility of theoretical models using non-experimental data. Analysis of covariance was used to analyze differences between Hispanic and Anglo females on measures of family life satisfaction and job satisfaction. LISREL findings supported the major hypothesis that family life satisfaction and job satisfaction are positively related to each other. Thus, a revised spillover model of a family life-job satisfaction relationship was identified. This reciprocal hypothesis was also supported by sub-groups of Hispanic and Anglo females. In addition, results indicated that family life satisfaction was a stronger predictor of job satisfaction than the reverse. Analysis of covariance revealed significant differences between Hispanic and Anglo females on family life satisfaction and job satisfaction. Overall, Hispanic females had higher mean scores on measures of family life satisfaction and job satisfaction than Anglo females.Item The relationship of role stressors, role involvement, social support, and work-family conflict among managers(Texas Tech University, 1996-12) Combs, J. CraigThe purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship of role stressors, role involvement, social support, and work-family conflict among managers by applying a model of antecedents and moderators of work-family conflict. Based on past research, it has been concluded that job stressors and job involvement are key variables which affect work-family conflict among managers. The effect of family stressors and family involvement on managers is less clear and needs further examination. It also is evident from past research that social support may prove to be a significant main effect on and/or moderator between antecedent stressors and involvement and work-family conflict. The complexities of the relationship, however, have not been thoroughly examined. Furthermore, as a group, managers have the potential for experiencing high levels of work-family conflict and should be studied further to overcome inadequacies of previous research and to record the changes experienced by this group in a "fast-changing" society (Gutek, Repetti, & Silver, 1988). Such research is needed to provide a solid foundation for a variety of program interventions, particularly management training and education. Interventions such as these could help managers deal with the complex issues involved in work-family conflict, as well as make them more aware of and sensitive to the work-family conflict experienced by the employees who report to them.Item Total quality management and parenting styles: a test of the spillover model(Texas Tech University, 1997-12) Chisholm, Karrie A.Work and family are two of the primary components of adult life. The relationship among dimensions of work and family life are of increasing importance as more families are confronted with demands from both environments. As of 1993, 50% of all families in the U.S. were being maintained by two or more workers (Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1996), with the proportion of working families expected to increase. Such statistics indicate that the importance of examining work/family relationships is greater than ever before. Although researchers have examined work and family issues for several decades, much of the research focused on these domains independently. Research on work examined the relationship between job characteristics and worker outcomes. For example, Gecas and Seff (1989) found that complexity of work was positively related to self-evaluations. Other dimensions of the work environment, such as supervisors' consideration behaviors, task variety, and job stmcture, are positively related to work quality and satisfaction (Martin & Hanson, 1985; Gilmore, Beehr, & Richter, 1979). In tum, work characteristics such as routinization, low autonomy, close supervision, and low demand for complex work, were inversely related to self-esteem, personal control, and intellectual flexibility (Gecas & Seff, 1989; Mortimer & Borman, 1988; Kohn & Schooler, 1973).