Browsing by Subject "Victimization"
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Item Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Executive Functions : Potential Vulnerabilities for Bully/Victimization Behaviors(2006-08-11) Kulesza, Krista; Silver, CherylChildren diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder can present with numerous difficulties in several areas of life, and particularly within the social realm. These interpersonal problems are linked to deficits in executive functions, which are the most prominent neuropsychological defects found in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Previous literature highlights the specific components of executive functions often problematic in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder including inhibition, set-shifting, working memory, planning, verbal fluency, and emotional regulation. Further, problems in executive functions appear to exacerbate the unsatisfactory interpersonal relationships these children experience. Additionally, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is more prevalent among children identified as bullies and victims, and literature indicates that certain interpersonal problems children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder experience, also increase the risk for involvement in bully/victimization behaviors. This involvement in bully/victimization behaviors among children with Attention- Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder also appears to be related to deficits in executive functions. A group of children diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder were assessed with performance-based executive functioning measures and self-reported questionnaires on bully/victimization behaviors. Parents completed a measure of emotional regulation, and the child's teacher completed an informant-rating scale on executive functions and equivalent measures on bully/victimization behaviors. Analyses of the data demonstrated that several of the teacher-reported executive function measures were related to, and predictive of, the teacher-reported bully/victimization behaviors. The performancebased executive function measures routinely demonstrated non-significant correlational and predictive findings with the bully/victimization measures. Additionally, the self-reported bullying measures had no significant relationships with any of the executive functioning measures. These results were consistent with literature questioning the validity of these types of measures. The results did show that executive functions, particularly those related to social skills, and emotional regulation, and the symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, predict involvement with bully/victimization behaviors. Additional research is needed on the complex relationship among Attention- Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, executive functions, and bully/victimization behaviors. Specifically, potential studies should focus on utilizing a broader sample of participants, informants, and measures of executive functions and bully/victimization. Future research investigating the relationship among Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, executive dysfunction, and bully/victimization should focus on advancing beneficial interventions to comprehensively address these conditions in order to improve the child.s overall quality of life.Item Does the Experience of Peer Victimization in Adolescence Predict Future Suicidal Ideation? A Cross Cultural Investigation(2005-08-11) Gandhi, Puja R.; Stewart, Sunita M.Peer victimization has been linked to adolescent suicide in several countries. Community adolescents from Hong Kong (n= 1694) and the United States (n=481) provided information regarding their experience of victimization, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation at two surveys six months apart. This study would examine the predictive relationship between peer victimization and suicidal ideation and the role of depressive symptoms in mediating this relationship. The implications of this study are discussed.Item ?Doin? Whatever I Had to Do to Survive?: A Study of Resistance, Agency, and Transformation in the Lives of Incarcerated Women(2013-04-23) Sandoval, Carolyn LThe number of women who are incarcerated has increased significantly in the past few decades. Originally designed to manage male offenders, jails and prisons are ill-equipped to address the unique needs of women inmates whose paths to incarceration often include histories of trauma, abuse, and addiction. This qualitative study investigated the lives of 13 women who while incarcerated at Dallas County Jail, participated in an educational program, Resolana. The purpose of this study was to understand the women?s lives prior to incarceration, as well as the impact of the program and changes they experienced, if any, as a result of what they were learning. Data were collected using semi-structured, life history interviews, and by engaging in field observations as a volunteer for each class for a period of one week. An in-depth analysis through a critical lens, using a holistic-content narrative analysis method, was done with one participant?s life history. The findings are presented as an ethnodrama illuminating the cultural, social, personal, and legal systems of oppression that she survived and that contributed to her path to incarceration. Analyzed through a lens of agency and resistance, the findings that emerged from an analysis of all the participant?s life histories reveal that the women?s criminalized actions were often survival responses. The women employed various strategies, both legal and illegal, in response to people or situations involving control, power or domination over their lives. An analysis of the women?s experiences with Resolana through a transformative learning theoretical framework indicates that the women experience transformation in various ways and to varying degrees. The learning environment served as a container in which transformative learning could be cultivated through opportunities for interpersonal and intrapersonal engagement. The results of this study reveal the need for more and targeted advocacy and education for incarcerated and formerly incarcerated women. The results also indicate that the process and content of Resolana?s programming had a transformative impact on participants, and for some, the transformation was enduring. Finally, the results challenge definitions of criminal behavior in the context interlocking systems of oppression, and encourage thinking about alternatives to incarceration.Item Predatory portraiture : Goethe's Faust and the literary vampire in Gogol's [P]opmpem and Wilde's The picture of Dorian Gray(2010-12) Anderson, Matthew Neil, 1983-; Garza, Thomas J.; Richmond-Garza, Elizabeth M.Despite the fact that there seems to be no direct link between the works of Nikolai Gogol and those of Oscar Wilde, Gogol’s novella, Портрет (The Portrait) and Wilde’s novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray, share many elements in common, most notably the device of the predatory portrait. This report explores the parallels that exist between these two texts and argues that they mutually derive from elements found in Goethe’s Faust and the trope of the literary vampire.Item Risky Dating Behaviors in the Technological Age: Consideration of a New Pathway to Victimization(2017-04-18) Boillot Fansher, Ashley K.; Randa, Ryan W.; Franklin, Cortney A.; Hayes, Brittany E.; Reyns, Bradford W.The present study explores the relationship between risky lifestyles, both online and offline, in relation to cyberstalking victimization risk. Online risky lifestyles are measured through online dating application behaviors, a new potential pathway to victimization that has received heavy media attention in recent years. As online dating applications become an increasingly normalized part of relationships and young adults rely more on the use of technology to pursue and foster interpersonal connections, it can be suggested that these applications present new opportunities for risky behaviors and victimization possibilities online. Using a systematic random sample of undergraduate students from a Southern university, an original survey instrument was created to measure traditional offline riskybehaviors, such as sexual behaviors and substance use, along with technological and online risky behaviors, including explicit messaging behaviors and use of online dating applications to pursue relationships. Online dating applications, while a popular subject of media reports, have yet to be explored using original data collection among the young adult population. This series of risky behaviors, along with underlying individual differences in self-control and victimization history are explored in relation to cyberstalking victimization risk using the frameworks of lifestyle-routine activity theory (Hindelang, Gottredson, & Garafolo, 1978; Cohen & Felson, 1979), the vulnerability thesis (Schreck, 1999), and arguments of repeat victimization, namely state dependence (Tseloni & Pease, 2003) and population heterogeneity (Hindelang et al., 1978). Descriptive statistics for online dating application behaviors suggest that users are indeed engaging in potentially dangerous activities through these applications, including meeting an online only contact for the first time at a private residence. Multivariate models support the relationship between increased risky behaviors, decreased selfcontrol, and increased risk of cyberstalking victimization. With respect to repeat victimization risk, both arguments of state dependence, which states that individuals who experience an initial victimization event are at a higher likelihood for additional victimization events (Tseloni & Pease, 2003), and population heterogeneity, suggesting that victims and non-victims are inherently different in some way (Hindelang et al., 1978) are supported in the data. Research implications and future research possibilities are discussed.Item The Impact of Low Self-Control and Risky Lifestyles on Juvenile Victimization(2017-07-07) Bills, Matthew; Ren, LingSince its inception, the general theory of crime has been applied in many ways and in numerous contexts to explore criminal offending. It has also been utilized to explain why certain people are more likely to experience criminal victimization. Research, however, has found that self-control’s effect on victimization is modest overall, indicating that other variables play a role in this relationship. Relatively few studies have explored how aspects of a risky lifestyle influence the self-control/victimization relationship, and fewer still have explored the mediating effect of risky lifestyles in this context. This study tests the mediating effects of risky lifestyles on the self-control/victimization relationship in a sample of over 2,000 American juveniles. Data from the International Self-Report Delinquency Study (ISRD-2) are utilized, which asked respondents about lifestyle characteristics, involvement in delinquency, and their victimization experiences. Results indicate that self-control does indeed have an effect on victimization chance among this sample, and that risky lifestyles partially mediate the effects of low self-control on victimization. These findings are consistent with the extant literature in this area, and uniquely contributes through its examination of three types of victimization: violent, theft, and bullying.