Browsing by Subject "Turkey"
Now showing 1 - 20 of 34
Results Per Page
Sort Options
Item A qualitative case study of the impact of socio-cultural factors on prominent Turkish writers(2009-05-15) Gunersel, Adalet BarisThis study investigates socio-cultural factors that impact the lives of highly creative writers, specifically, novelists in a specific socio-cultural context, Turkey. Research objectives included the investigation of the definition of creativity, creative processes and products by highly creative Turkish writers, and socio-cultural factors that influenced the development of their creativity. The qualitative case study was used and interviews with four participants, or cases, shed light onto the focus of the study. Four novelists who fit certain criteria were selected: (a) they have invented, designed, and produced creative work regularly and their work has influenced Turkish literature; (b) they were Turkish citizens who have lived 75% of their lives in Turkey and received their education in Turkey; and (c) they varied in age and gender. The participants were Ya?ar Kemal (85, male), Adalet A?ao?lu (81, female), Mario Levi (51, male), and Latife Tekin (51, female). Interviews with the participants were transcribed, translated from Turkish into English, and analyzed. The constant comparative method (Glaser & Strauss, 1967; Lincoln & Guba, 1985) was used as the method of analysis. Other documents about the participants were also used as data sources. Results indicate that participants? views of creativity resemble both Western and non-Western views of creativity and their views of creative processes and products are similar to former research findings on creative individuals and creativity in general. Overarching themes include (a) environmental catalysts that prompted creativity; (b) emotional and professional support networks in participants? lives; and (c) participants? self-efficacy. Although environmental catalysts include events that cause both positive and negative emotions, two of the participants emphasize the role of negative feelings, such as anger and sadness, in the stimulation of creativity. The participants have had various sources of support from either certain individuals, such as a teacher or a friend, or groups of individuals, such as their readers. Participants? self-efficacy emerges from various personality traits such as determination, persistence, rebelliousness, outspokenness, and independence. Findings indicate that education is an important socio-cultural factor that can enhance or hinder creativity and that teachers have a crucial role in the development of their students.Item A simulation model of Rio Grande wild turkey dynamics in the Edwards Plateau of Texas(Texas A&M University, 2006-08-16) Schwertner, Thomas WayneI investigated the effect of precipitation and predator abundance on Rio Grande wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo; RGWT) in Texas. My results suggested that RGWT production was strongly correlated with cumulative winter precipitation over the range of the RGWT in Texas. However, I found no evidence that predator abundance influenced RGWT production, although spatial-asynchrony of predator populations at multiple spatial scales might have masked broad-scale effects. Using the results of these analyses, as well as empirical data derived from the literature and from field studies in the southern Edwards Plateau, I developed a stochastic, density-dependent, sex- and agespecific simulation model of wild turkey population dynamics. I used the model to evaluate the effect of alternative harvest management strategies on turkey populations. Sensitivity analysis of the model suggested that shape of the density-dependence relationship, clutch size, hatchability, juvenile sex ratio, poult survival, juvenile survival, and nonbreeding hen mortality most strongly influenced model outcome. Of these, density-dependence, sex ratio, and juvenile survival were least understood and merit further research. My evaluation of fall hen harvest suggested that current rates do not pose a threat to turkey populations. Moreover, it appears that hen harvest can be extended to other portions of the RGWT range without reducing turkey abundance, assuming that population dynamics and harvest rates are similar to those in the current fall harvest zone. Finally, simulation of alternative hen harvest rates suggested that rates ≥5% of the fall hen population resulted in significant declines in the simulated population after 25 years, and rates ≥15% resulted in significant risk of extinction to the simulated population.Item Based on a true story : "The Gezi Film Poster Series" and the role of narrative in cultural history(2015-05) Aksu, Leyla Aylin; Straubhaar, Joseph D.; Fuller, KathrynFocusing on a series of hypothetical film posters titled the "Gezi Movie Theatre Poster Series," commissioned by Istanbul's independent magazine Bant Mag, this thesis is a multi-methodological, exploratory case study utilizing ethnographic methods, as well as visual, textual, and document analysis. The posters within this series narrativize and encapsulate instances that took shape on the ground during the Gezi protests in Turkey in the Summer of 2013. Embodying the confluence of larger contextual events through the micro-lens of a singular organization and cultural product, the series provides an instance in which key and complex factors regarding social structure, political activism, and cultural production come together in the form of visual narrative. This undertaken analysis seeks to bring together theoretical constructs of social structure, historicization, alternative media and cultural resistance, material culture, artistic creation, and the imaginary, and apply them, in order, to Turkey, Gezi, Bant Mag, and the posters themselves, in order to create an understanding of how they each play a role within the series and its archival formation. Utilizing a critical analytical framework by focusing on the series as art, artifact, and action, after firmly contextually situating the film poster series within Bant Mag's own organizational framework, internal discourse, and history as a magazine, zine, and online resource, this study hopes to demonstrate the affordances of art, imagination, and subjectivity in the creation, documentation, and conservation of historical micro-narratives.Item Between gift and taboo : death and the negotiation of national identity and sovereignty in the Kurdish conflict in Turkey(2010-05) Ozsoy, Hisyar; Hale, Charles R., 1957-; Ali, Kamran Asdar, 1961-; Visweswaran, Kamala; Strong, Pauline T.; Rudrappa, SharmilaThis dissertation explores politico-symbolic deployments of death in figurations of national identity and sovereignty in the Kurdish conflict in Turkey. Many Kurds have died in their successive rebellions over the last century. However, biological death has not necessarily excluded them from Kurdish culture and politics. Rather, through a symbolic economy of “gift” the Kurds resurrect their dead as martyrs – affective forces that powerfully shape public, political and daily life and promote Kurdish national identity as a sacred communion of the dead and the living. For its own part, the Turkish state has been endeavoring to eradicate this persistent power of the Kurdish dead by obstructing their appropriation and assimilation into the regenerative realms of Kurdish national-symbolic. While these struggles are still in effect, with the shift in Kurdish politics away from the original goal of national independence in 1999, the Kurdish dead emerged as a site of contention also among the Kurds. At least until 2005 the place of the dead in Kurdish politics also shifted with a new politics of memory that the leadership of Kurdish movement initiated to buttress the “peace process”. Based on two-year fieldwork in Diyarbakır, the informal capital of Kurds in Turkey, this study explores the Kurdish political imaginaries and subjectivities that are generated in and through these multiple struggles and contentions over the Kurdish dead, situating death as a central symbolic and semantic field constitutive to national identity and sovereignty. This study contributes to the ethnography of the Kurds, Turkey and the Middle East as well as theories of death, the body, nationalism, sovereignty and political subjectivity.Item Buying support without brokers : conditional cash transfers in Turkey and Argentina(2015-05) Tafolar, Mine; Weyland, Kurt Gerhard; Hunter, WendyThis master’s report examines how the implementation of conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs, which allocate benefits according to objective poverty criteria, affect entrenched patterns of clientelism, that is, the long-established provision of social benefits for political-electoral purposes. By analyzing two “most different” cases, Turkey and Argentina, the thesis probes the explanatory power of three major approaches in political science. Culturalism predicts that the traditional values underlying clientelism will corrode CCT implementation and lead to the distribution of the new benefits as political favors. Constructivism, by contrast, expects the modern, advanced principles embodied in CCTs sooner or later to create pressures for the transformation of traditional social programs and the abandonment of clientelism. But my extensive field research shows that neither of these approaches is convincing. Instead, non-clientelistic CCTs and traditional clientelistic programs exist side by side. This finding provides support for a rational-choice institutionalist approach that highlights the political-electoral incentives for politicians to target some constituencies with traditional clientelistic programs while appealing to others with modern, non-clientelistic CCTs. Moreover, poorer voters have incentives to obtain benefits in whatever way they are offered, entering into traditional exchange relationships to obtain clientelistic benefits while simultaneously complying with the objective criteria and conditions for receiving CCTs.Item Competitive renewable energy zones in Texas : suggestions for the case of Turkey(2012-05) Ogunlu, Bilal; Baldick, Ross; Rai, VarunAs an energy-importing developing country, Turkey depends heavily on imported petroleum and natural gas. The increase in the global petroleum price has affected the Turkish economy adversely in the last decade. Renewable energy is an important alternative in reducing Turkey’s energy dependency. Turkey’s strategies are improving domestic production and diversifying energy sources for the security of supply. New investments, especially in renewables, have been chosen to achieve these objectives. As a model for Turkey, Texas is the leader in non-hydroelectric renewable energy production in the U.S. and has one of the world’s most competitive electricity markets. However, wind generation creates unique challenges for the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT), the transmission system operator of Texas. The market environment has forced the Public Utility Commission of Texas (PUCT) to develop unique deregulated energy markets. In 2005, the Texas Legislature passed Senate Bill 20, in part to break the deadlock between transmission and wind generation development. This legislation instructed the PUCT to establish Competitive Renewable Energy Zones (CREZs) throughout the State, and to designate new transmission projects to serve these zones. In this context, first of all, the electricity market development in Turkey is introduced in terms of renewable energy, especially wind power. Next, considering wind power, the progress in the Texas electricity market is investigated. Subsequently, we examine the development of CREZs in Texas from a regulatory perspective and discuss Texas’ policy initiatives, including the designation of CREZs. Finally, we review the impact of wind power on the primary electricity market of Texas and evaluate market conditions and barriers to renewable energy use in Turkey in order to extract suggestions. This experience may be particularly instructive to Turkey, which has a similar market structure on the supply and transmission sides. This study suggests ways that Turkey might handle renewable applications in combination with existing transmission constraints.Item Conflict in cooperation : language ideological debates in the negotiation of linguistic and sociocultural rapprochement in the post-Cold War era Turkic world(2011-08) Grocer, Jennifer Ann; Keating, Elizabeth Lillian; Sherzer, Joel; Stewart, Kathleen C.; Strong, Pauline; Woodbury, Anthony C.This dissertation examines three phases in post-Cold War relations between Turkey and the ex-Soviet Turkic republics of Central Asia and the Caucasus, not from the macro-level perspective of political and economic protocols and accords agreed by state actors, which has been ably outlined by other scholars, but rather from the micro-level perspective of efforts pursued on a less formal plane to promote linguistic rapprochement among the disparate Turkic peoples. The actors in this unfolding drama were an shifting collective of interested individuals, composed predominantly of linguists and language professionals, who were readily classifiable neither as official representatives of their respective nations, nor solely as invested individuals acting in their own interests, but rather operated at the meso level and comprised, I would argue, a “community of practice” dedicated to uniting the Turkic peoples linguistically, socioculturally, and perhaps even geopolitically under the rubric of an emergent supranational “Turkic world.” In exploring the shifting sands of supranational relations in the post-Soviet Turkic world through the lens of linguistic rapprochement, I focus, in particular, on two ostensibly discrete language ideological debates--the first centered around a series of early Turkic linguistic congresses held during the initial phase of post-Soviet Turkic relations that focused on the creation of a common Turkic alphabet (ortak alfabe) and Turkic lingua franca (ortak dil), and the second emerging during the third phase of relations among the Turkic peoples that focused on defending the Turkish alphabet from pernicious “outside” influence, where “outside” was largely identified as “the West” yet intersected in interesting, ways with the “outside Turks” (dış Türkler) of Central Asia and the Caucasus. In addition, I reconstruct the transitional “bridge” between the first and third phases of Turkic relations by also examining the dimensions of ongoing discussion and debate over issues of language, orthography, and identity both in Turkey and in the emergent Turkic world that, although more diffuse and less formal by nature than the two debates described above nonetheless, I argue, constitute two additional language ideological debates which together define the second stage of relations among the Turkic peoples in the post-Cold War era.Item Control of Listeria monocytogenes in further processed meat and poultry using organic acid post-cook dips(2008-05) Johnson, Jennifer L.; Alvarado, Christine Z.; Thompson, Leslie D.; Brashears, Mindy M.Most major outbreaks attributed to Listeria monocytogenes (LM) involve post-processing contamination of turkey and ham deli slices, and frankfurters. This study evaluated the antilisterial effects of organic acids applied as post-cook dips to turkey and ham deli slices and beef frankfurters. Two trials were conducted to analyze LM levels. Efficacy was determined by prolongation of the lag phase and overall LM levels at the end of storage. Treatments included sodium lactate (SL; 3.6%), potassium lactate (PL; 3.6%), sodium citrate (SC; 0.75%), a combination of SL and sodium diacetate (SDA; 0.25%), and a combination of SL/PL/SDA. Products were formulated with 1.5% sodium chloride and 0.45% sodium tripolyphosphate. Ham deli loaves and beef frankfurters were also formulated with 156 ppm and 6.25% sodium nitrite, respectively. Products were surface inoculated with 104-105 log CFU/mL of streptomycin resistant (1,500 ¥ìg/mL) LM strain Scott A before immersion treatment. Positive and negative controls were immersed in sterile water. Products were stored in Whirlpak™ bags under refrigerated temperatures (~4°C) for sampling at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, and 56 d. The SL/SDA combination applied to turkey extended the lag phase until d21. When applied to ham, the lag phase extended through d14. For both products, LM concentrations rose less than one log (0.7 log CFU/g) throughout the 56 d storage period. The SL/PL/SDA applied to turkey extended the lag phase throughout d 42 with decreasing LM concentrations after d 21. An overall decrease (0.1 log CFU/g) was noted by 56 d. When applied to ham, treatment with a SL and both combination treatments extended the lag phase through d 14. Lag phase in the inoculated control lasted until d 7. Single lactic acid treatments and the SL/SDA combination treatment applied to frankfurters extended the lag phase throughout 28 d post-processing. Lag phase was also extended throughout d 28 for control frankfurters. Treatment with SL/PL/SDA extended the lag phase throughout 21 d. The lag phase for the inoculated control persisted until d 28. Overall growth was limited within the range of 1.0 log CFU/g for all organic acid treatments. Combination organic acid dipping solutions prolonged the LM lag phase for 2 to 6 weeks on treated turkey deli loaves. Combination dipping solutions and sodium lactate extended the lag phase for an additional week beyond the inoculated control when applied to ham. Single and combination lactic acid treatments prolonged the LM lag phase for 3 to 4 weeks on treated beef frankfurters, but the same results were noted on untreated frankfurters.Item Dem is drunk through the ears: sound, space, and listening in Alevi collective worship ritual(2016-05) Kreger, Alexander Colin; Seeman, Sonia Tamar, 1958-; Dell'Antonio, Andrew; Moin, AzfarIn Turkey, Alevi social and religious identity is often constructed in conscious opposition to institutionalized Sunni Islam. Sound is an important medium by which the relationship of violence and resistance between Alevis and the Sunni state is produced and perpetuated. This paper focuses on the ways in which Alevi aural dispositions and spatial constructions constitute and reinforce one another. These auralities and spacialities are rehearsed and disciplined within the context of collective worship rituals [cem or muhabbet], but play a broader role in molding and thus preserving the Alevi community as a religious minority under the threat of assimilation. In particular, I examine how Alevis map space by cultivating listening habits based on oppositions of interior and exterior, private and public, and esoteric and exoteric. Two Alevi concepts play especially prominent roles in regulating the relationship between sound and space. Dem refers to the divine power which resides in the words, voice, and breath of spiritually mature individuals. It is also the name for the alcohol Alevis may drink as part of their collective worship services. With the idea of dem, Alevis draw a link between listening and the acquisition of knowledge on the one hand, and drinking and interiority on the other that is embodied in the phrase “dem is drunk by the ears” [dem kulaktan içilir]. Just as tea is said to steep [demlenmek], Alevis steep—discipline themselves as Alevi subjects—during muhabbet by listening to words of wisdom spoken or sung by spiritually mature individuals. Meanwhile, dem is emplaced through its association with a face, or didar. The Alevi fixation on didar creates spatial orientations also experienced as listening vectors linking people together. Instead of facing towards Mecca while praying, Alevis face towards one another because they see God as the human being him/herself, and the beauty of God as reflected in the beauty of the human countenance. As a result, Alevi spiritual landscapes strikingly different from those of Sunni Islam, in which prayer is oriented towards a single, remote point.Item Determinants of fertility across context : a comparison of Mexican and Turkish immigrant women(2011-05) White, Kari Lyn; Potter, Joseph E.; Buckley, Cynthia J.; Raley, R Kelly; Hummer, Robert A.; Stolp, ChandlerImmigrant women are frequently found to have higher fertility relative to women in the majority population. This is often attributed to their socioeconomic characteristics, cultural preferences and patterns of childbearing, and adaptation to the destination context. However, several limitations in the research to date may mask the associations and processes which shape women’s fertility: 1) frequently used indicators are not sensitive to the way in which fertility is shaped by the migration process 2) key proximate determinants of fertility are often not integrated into analyses and 3) non‐migrant women in sending countries are often excluded as a reference for immigrant women’s childbearing behavior. In order to assess how women’s migratory moves and social context affect fertility, I compare the risk of first birth and patterns of contraceptive use at higher‐order parities for non‐migrant, immigrant and native‐born women. For these analyses, I use data from nationally‐representative surveys of reproductive health and family formation from Mexico, the United States, Turkey and Germany. The results from these analyses demonstrate that both foreign‐born Mexican‐ and Turkish‐origin immigrant women experience first birth earlier than non-migrants, second generation immigrants, and native-born women at destination. However the underlying determinants of earlier birth are different for these two groups. There are also differences for second generation women; US-born Mexicans experience first birth at significantly younger ages than whites, whereas age at first birth is very similar for German-born Turkish women and ethnic Germans. Furthermore, patterns of contraceptive use among immigrant women who have at least one child are notably different than patterns observed for non-migrants. US-born women have similar contraceptive use compared to whites, but Mexican-born women are less likely to use permanent and highly effective methods, even after controlling for fertility intentions. Turkish-origin women in Germany exhibit large differences in contraceptive use relative to non-migrant women, particularly the very low reported use of withdrawal. These findings indicate that fertility determinants vary across origin and destination context. The observed differences between Mexican- and Turkish-origin women suggest that distinct processes of migration, socialization, and access to contraception lead to variation in the fertility outcomes for these two groups.Item Downstream voices : the Tigris/Euphrates dispute with emphasis on Syrian and Iraqi position(2006-05) Lien, Elizabeth; Eaton, David J.This thesis outlines hydrological, political, economic and social facts related to the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers dispute between the three major riparian states, Turkey, Syria and Iraq. Once the factual base was constructed, it describes how each of the states uses water based on direct quotes, inferences and interpretations from secondary literature, interviews and other primary sources. The author used these narratives to analyze the current level of coordination and prospects for further cooperation among the riparians. Using these narratives, the author has drafted an agreement that could be a starting point from which the riparian states could address regional water issues.Item Economic analysis of wind and solar energy sources of Turkey(2011-05) Erturk, Mehmet; Groat, Charles G.; Jablonowski, Christopher J.Renewable energy sources have become very popular in the last years in electricity generation thanks to the technological developments, the increase in the price of fossil fuels and the environmental concerns. These factors have also prompted Turkey to utilize her very rich renewable energy sources to meet the demand increasing around 7% annually. In this study, solar and wind energy potential of Turkey is analyzed in terms of its economics to find out whether these sources are real alternatives to fossil fuels in electricity generation. Before this analysis, wind and solar energy technologies and costs and wind and solar energy potential of Turkey are discussed. Then, models are set up for five technologies which are onshore wind, offshore wind, solar PV, solar trough and solar tower technologies models to calculate cash flows which are used to calculate payback, NPV, IRR, LCE and shut-down price to conduct economic analysis. In addition to base case scenario, uncertainty analysis is done for the most promising technologies which are onshore wind and solar tower technologies by evaluating NPV and LCE under uncertain environment. The main finding of these analyses is that only onshore wind projects are attractive in Turkey; none of other technologies is attractive. However, with a minor increase in the regulated price for solar thermal electricity, tower plant projects will also be attractive.Item Explaining ethnopolitical mobilization : ethnic incorporation and mobilization patterns in Bulgaria, Cyprus, Turkey, and beyond(2014-05) Alptekin, Huseyin; Madrid, Raúl L.Why do some ethnic groups mobilize in violent ways whereas some others mobilize by using peaceful methods? And why do some ethnic groups seek integration while some others pursue separatist goals? This dissertation proposes a theoretical framework to answer these questions. It suggests that a state’s ethnic incorporation policies shape both why (centripetal or centrifugal aims) and how (peaceful or violent methods) ethnic groups mobilize. It argues that (1) consocitionalism recognizes ethnic groups and grants a degree of political autonomy to them, yet limits individuals’ political participation via non-ethnic channels of political participation; and, therefore, it leads to peaceful and moderately centrifugal ethnic mobilizations; (2) liberal multiculturalism recognizes ethnic groups, grants a degree of political autonomy to them, and allows individuals to participate in politics via non-ethnic channels; and, therefore, it leads to peaceful and moderately centripetal mobilizations; (3) civic assimilationism neither recognizes ethnic groups nor grants a degree of political autonomy to them, yet allows individuals to participate in politics via non-ethnic channels; and therefore it leads to peaceful and centripetal mobilizations of groups which lack pre-existing ethnic mobilization; but it leads to moderately violent and centrifugal mobilizations of groups which have strong pre-existing ethnic mobilizations; and (4) ethnocracies neither recognize ethnic groups nor grant a degree of political autonomy to them, and they also limit individuals’ political participation via non-ethnic channels. Therefore, they lead to centrifugal and violent ethnic mobilizations. The dissertation uses a mixed method research design. The hypotheses are tested based on the Minorities at Risk data as well as the case studies of ethnic Turks in Bulgaria and Cyprus, and Kurds and the Roma in Turkey. The case studies benefit from an extensive field research in Bulgaria, Cyprus, and Turkey using original interviews with former and current guerillas, guerilla families, political activists, and politicians from each ethnic group under scrutiny and archival research on newspapers and legal documents. The findings indicate that politics of ethnic accommodation are not only an explanation for the causes of different ethnic mobilization patterns, but also a feasible remedy for ethnic disputes spanning all over the world.Item The games behind the game : the process of democratic deepening and identity formation in Turkey as seen through football clubs(2011-05) Blasing, John Konuk; Henry, Clement M., 1937-; Boone, CatherineThe history of football clubs in Turkey is entwined with the political and economic development of Turkey in the twentieth century. This thesis focuses on the history of soccer clubs and the close involvement of the sport with the formation of modern Turkish identity during the late Ottoman period, the early republican period, the multi-party period, and finally the Cold War era. As this study also argues, in addition to their role in identity formation, football clubs were the building blocks of associational life in Turkish democracy and thus represent a major force in the process of democratic deepening in the country. The thesis addresses both the complex political functions and uses of soccer clubs and their economic relationship to the development of Turkish business. Through the twentieth century, the politics behind soccer clubs evolved from an affirmation of national identity to a reassertion of local identity as a challenge to the centralized state system. Increased localization—as evidenced by the rising fortunes of soccer clubs and businesses from Central Anatolia, Turkey’s Muslim heartland—also indicates the increased Islamicization of Turkish society accompanying the advent of the AKP (Justice and Development Party). The changing character of Turkish society and the challenge to traditional secular elites by a rising class of Islamic businessmen from outside of the metropolitan areas—developing businesses concentrated mainly in Central Anatolia—are presented through an analysis of Parliamentary election results since 1962 along with the concurrent change in the geographical transformation of the landscape of Turkish soccer through this period. The study examines the complex, multifaceted interrelationships and lines of mutual determinations between the changing conceptions of Turkish identity, democratic deepening, Islamicization, and the economic development of modern Turkey. This thesis demonstrates how these forces that shape social, political, and economic life are played out on the soccer field.Item Geochemical and geochronological relationships between granitoid plutons of the Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey(2012-05) Black, Karen Naomi; Catlos, Elizabeth Jacqueline; Barnes, Jaime D.; Eichhubl, PeterThe Aegean Sea is considered to be a classic back-arc basin. Back-arc basins may develop by active processes including retreat of the overriding plate or upwelling from the subducting slab. Alternatively, back-arc basins may develop as passive responses to regional tensional stresses. The Biga Peninsula of western Turkey provides an opportunity to explore and test these models. The Biga region is characterized by granitoid plutons of Cretaceous to Miocene age that may provide insight into the nature of extension. This study focuses on understanding the evolution of three of these plutons, the Kozak, Eybek, and Kestanbolu. Geochemical and geochronological data and cathodoluminescence (CL) images of the rocks and zircons were acquired. The first in situ (in thin section) ion microprobe U-Pb ages of zircon, and the first zircon ages ever reported from the Kozak and Eybek plutons are presented. Zircon ages range from 36.5±6.6 Ma to 17.1±0.7 Ma (238U/206Pb, ±1) with two ages from a single grain of 280±18 Ma and 259±14 Ma. Samples from the Kozak and Eybek plutons are magnesian, calc-alkalic, and metaluminous, whereas the Kestanbolu rocks are magnesian, alkali-calcic, and metaluminous with one ferroan sample. The Rb vs. (Y+Nb) diagram suggests the Kozak and Kestanbolu plutons have a volcanic arc source, whereas the Eybek pluton records a within plate setting. CL imagery documents magma mixing, brittle deformation, and fluid- rock interactions based upon cracked plagioclase cores, cross-cutting microcracks, and fluid reaction textures of myrmekite and red rims on alkali feldspar. The plutons were generated following the collision of the Sakarya continent with the Anatolide-Tauride block. Geochemical data suggest the Kozak and Kestanbolu granitoids were generated by fluid flux melting from dehydration of the subducting slab of the Anatolide-Tauride block. The Kestanbolu granitoid intruded into the Vardar Suture north of this collision, whereas the Eybek pluton was created within the lithosphere during exhumation of the Kazdağ Massif. The Eocene - Oligocene zircon ages indicate emplacement and initial crystallization of the plutons. Early Miocene ages indicate ongoing extension in the region at this time and are consistent with earlier interpretations that subduction slab roll-back along the Hellenic arc formed the extensional environment in the region at this time.Item Geochemistry and geochronology of meta-igneous rocks from the Tokat Massif, north-central Turkey(2011-12) Huber, Kathryn Grace; Catlos, Elizabeth J., 1971-; Cloos, Mark; Stockli, DanielLocated in the Sakarya Zone of the eastern Pontides, the Tokat Massif is a Permian-Triassic metamorphic, volcanic, and sedimentary group of rocks cut by strands of the active strike-slip North Anatolian Shear Zone (NASZ). The assembly of the Tokat Massif is debated and is likely due to the region’s complex tectonic history. According to one interpretation, the massif is comprised of various imbricated piles of Pre-Tethyside and Tethyside units fragmented by the NASZ. Others distinguish three specific units that make up the subduction-accretion complex: the Tokat, Yesilirmak, and Akdagmadeni Groups. The Tokat Group is a pre-Jurassic metamorphic unit made up of a heterogeneous mélange and associated metasedimentary rocks. It has also been proposed that the Tokat Group is the easternmost extension of the Karakaya Complex, an extensive Permian-Triassic metamorphic unit within the Sakarya zone. The history of the Karakaya Complex is disputed and either represents oceanic rift deposits which developed into a marginal ocean basin or accretion-subduction units of the Paleo-Tethys. Structurally incorporated into the Tokat Massif is a Cretaceous ophiolitic mélange that formed from the closing of the Neo-Tethyan ocean basin, and it is proposed that the closing of the Paleo- and Neo-Tethys are both documented by imbricated thrust faults in the region. Metagabbros, metabasites, and serpentinites (n=38, 9 sample locations) were collected from the Tokat Group and metabasalts (n=8) were collected from a Cretaceous ophiolitic mélange. These rocks were studied to determine geologic source and age. All rocks from the Karakaya Complex are both oceanic rift-related and enriched from a deeper OIB plume source based on REE, trace element and clinopyroxene mineral chemistry. Metabasalts from the Cretaceous mélange have IAT affinites based on REE patterns and trace geochemical data. Karakaya gabbroic rocks were likely generated by mixing of plume-related and enriched magmas near the rifting Paleotethyan ocean crust. Metamorphism and deformation occurred during the northward subduction of the Paleotethyan ocean basin and accretion of the Karakaya units to the Laurasian continental margin. Small (<20 µm) zircon and baddeleyite grains from four Karakaya samples were dated in thin section using a Cameca 1270 ion microprobe at UCLA. The rocks yield a maximum ²³⁸U/²⁰⁶Pb crystallization age of 256±17 Ma (±1σ) and minimum metamorphic age of 173±9 Ma.Item An instrumental study of pausal vowels in Il-Ǧillī Arabic (Southern Turkey)(2015-08) Zúñiga, Emilie Pénélope Elisabeth Durand; Brustad, Kristen; Al-Batal, Mahmoud; Huehnergard, John; Bullock, Barbara; Myers, Scott; Arnold, WernerThis phonetic study explores the pausal form, a very old feature of Arabic. More specifically, it looks at the effect of the pause on vowels in word-final syllables in a non-emphatic environment. Five female native Arabic speakers from the village of Il-Ǧillī in Southern Turkey were interviewed by the author and their speech was recorded. After a canonical pausal environment and a canonical non-pausal environment were defined based on existing literature and the present data, the non-emphatic vowels in word-final syllables found in the five interviews were selected and organized into one of two categories: pausal and non-pausal. The following features of each vowel was measured in PRAAT: vowel duration, amount of formant movement throughout the vowel, and F1, F2 and F3 values at three different time points throughout the vowel. The data were analyzed using a series of linear mixed model analyses. The results show that pausal vowels differ significantly from non-pausal vowels in the following ways: first, pausal vowels have greater duration than non-pausal vowels. Second, pausal vowels undergo more formant movement than non-pausal vowels. Finally, pausal vowels occupy a different area of the vowel space than non-pausal vowels, and this effect varies based on vowel quality (a/i/u) and syllable type (CV/CVC). This dissertation ends with a brief discussion of the distribution of pausal forms in the data.Item International migration: remittances and subsequent labor market performance(Texas Tech University, 1991-05) Al-Abidalrazag, BashierThe purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the rewards of international labor migration to sending country(s) and to immigrants in the receiving country(s). Earnings were used as a measure of the labor market performance of immigrants in the U.S. labor market, whereas the volume of the flow of remittances into Jordan, Egypt, and Turkey was used as a measure of the rewards of migration to sending countries. A human capital model of earnings was used to estimate the influence of various explanatory variables on earnings. Time variables representing the time of entry into the U.S. were included to capture the effect of time elapsed since migration on earnings. Immigrants' earnings reported in the 1982 NSF and June, 1988 CPS were analyzed through the comparisons with native-born by race and among foreign-born by race, place-of-birth, and years since migration. A time-series model was used to estimate the influence of the variation in the economic activities in receiving country(s) on remittance flows. Using two different surveys, the results revealed that there is an earnings differential between natives and immigrants. This earnings gap is in favor of professional immigrants, whereas it is in favor of U.S. natives in the general population. Using the CPS data, only 27% of earnings gap is explained by the endowment factor. Using the NSF data, immigrants' earnings equal that of natives' after 10 years of immigration, while using the CPS data immigrants' earnings equal that of natives after 2 3 years. Among immigrants, there is earnings differential due to the time of entry. Recent immigrants earn less than earlier immigrants. The variations in the level of economic activities in the receiving country(s) are important determinants of the volume of remittance inflows. These variations explained nearly 90-98% of the total variation in the remittance flowing to Jordan, Egypt, and Turkey.Item Lading of the Late Bronze Age ship at Uluburun(2012-08-29) Lin, Shih-Han SamuelThe Uluburun shipwreck was discovered in 1982 when a Turkish sponge diver informed the Institute of Nautical Archaeology (INA) of his discovery of metal biscuits with ears. INA archaeologists recognized this as a description of oxhide ingots, a clear indication of a Late Bronze Age site. This find was of considerable interest as very little is known about seafaring, long distance trade, and ship construction during the Late Bronze Age, except for a glimpse provided by the Cape Gelidonya shipwreck excavated in 1960 by George Bass. The site at Uluburun revealed only a handful of disarticulated ship fragments; nevertheless, a meticulous study of these timbers and the distribution of the cargo and shipboard items on the seabed resulted in a hypothetical, but carefully guided, reconstruction of the ship and the lading of its cargo. The artifacts recovered from the Uluburun shipwreck are unlike those discovered on land in quality of preservation as well as the quantity found. Items pertinent to this study include 354 copper oxhide ingots (approximately 10 tons), 152 copper bun ingots (nearly 1 ton), 110 tin ingot fragments (approximately 1 ton), 175 glass ingots (approximately 0.3 tons), 150 Canaanite jars (approximately 2 tons if filled with water), 10 large storage jars (pithoi) (approximately 3.5 tons if filled with water), approximately 51 Canaanite pilgrim flasks, 24 stone anchors (3.3 tons), nearly 1 ton of ballast stones, and the hull remains itself. Two computer programs, Rhinoceros and PHASER, were used to visually model the artifacts and ship in three-dimensions and to systematically test various hull shapes and lading arrangements in a range of hydrostatic conditions. Tests showed that a hull measuring 15 x 5 x 2 m would be capable of carrying the estimated 20 tons of cargo and shipboard items recovered from the wreck at a draft of 1 m, with sufficient freeboard to allow six passengers to stand on one side of the vessel without compromising the stability of the ship.