Browsing by Subject "Traumatic brain injury"
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Item Category, letter and emotional verbal fluency in Spanish-English bilingual individuals with and without traumatic brain injury(2016-05) Wauters, Lisa Dianne; Marquardt, Thomas P.; Henry, MayaTwelve verbal fluency tasks (6 in English and 6 in Spanish) were administered to 21 healthy Spanish-English bilingual individuals and 4 Spanish-English bilingual individuals with a history of traumatic brain injury. The performance of healthy participants was examined to determine significant differences between type of verbal fluency (category, letter and emotional) and languages (English and Spanish). A two-way repeated measures analysis of variance revealed significant effects for task types and languages, but not the interaction of task types and languages. Performance of brain-injured participants was compared to healthy participants to examine patterns of impairment. Analysis of z-score profiles revealed decreased sensitivity of the letter fluency task to brain injury deficits and greater impairment in the pre-morbid non-dominant language. Implications of the results for clinical practice and future research are discussed.Item Code-switching patterns and inhibitory control in bilinguals with traumatic brain injury(2016-05) Rich, Natalya Diane; Marquardt, Thomas P.; Sheng, LiThree case studies of code-switching in Spanish-English bilingual speakers with traumatic brain injury were conducted to investigate the relationship between executive functioning and language inhibition. Participants conversed in three language contexts: monolingual English, monolingual Spanish, and bilingual (both English and Spanish). Patterns of code-switching in participants with TBI and the influence of communication partner language choice during the bilingual context are described. Two participants with executive functioning deficits produced unconventional code-switching with the use of their non-dominant language. No code-switching occurred with the use of their dominant language. One participant with TBI had co-morbid aphasia and produced frequent unconventional code-switching with the use of his dominant language and no code-switching with the use of his non-dominant language. Results are discussed with reference to hypotheses of language interference, the relationship of cognitive-control between language use and abilities, linguistic activation, implications for therapy, and directions for future research.Item Cognitive-communication deficits caused by topiramate : a summary of implications relevant to SLPs(2011-05) Chamberlain, Ashley Elizabeth; Harris, Joyce L.; Granof, Dena H.This report provides an overview of the adverse effects of the antiepileptic drug topiramate. Specifically, it evaluates the negative cognitive-communication effects of topiramate on individuals with epilepsy and postulates that treating these deficits is within the scope of practice of speech-language pathologists. It begins with a discussion on epilepsy, description of seizures, and the mechanism of action for antiepileptic drugs. It then provides an overview of cognitive communication deficits caused by antiepileptic drugs, including: memory problems, impairments in attention, and executive dysfunction. The final section provides an outline of potentially beneficial treatments a speech-language pathologist may provide to patients experiencing adverse effects from topiramate and how continued research can expand this area of practice.Item Communication deficits in the elderly after TBI as a function of age of injury: a systematic analysis of existing literature and survey of estimates of severity of impairment(2014-05) Weinstein, Shayne Melissa; Marquardt, Thomas P.The elderly are a rapidly growing population in the United States and have the highest rate of TBI-related hospitalization. Across all levels of severity, elderly persons have uniformly poorer outcomes including quality of life, community integration, disability, and mortality, but there is a significant lack of published research regarding communication outcome in the elderly population. The likelihood that speech-language pathologists (SLPs) will clinically treat elderly clients with TBI is great; understanding the effects that age of injury has on communication may inform clinicians’ abilities to accurately and efficiently assess, diagnose, and treat the elderly. The present study examined the relationship between age of onset of injury and severity of communication deficits following traumatic brain injury (TBI); the study included a review of published research and a survey of SLP estimates of severity of impairment. Limitations of the study and directions for further research are discussed.Item Community integration after TBI post-acute rehabilitation : a review(2011-05) Murray, Jordan Claire; Harris, Joyce L.; Granof, Dena H.Traumatic brain injury (TBI), also referred to as an acquired brain injury, is caused by damage to the brain as a result of trauma to the head. The following report serves as a resource for patients and families wanting to gain information regarding community integration outcomes after participation in post-acute rehabilitation programs. The goal of the post-acute level of medical care is to increase functionality and serve as a transition for the patient from the rehabilitation facility to life within the community. A thorough examination of community integration after participation in a post-acute rehabilitative program with the use of the Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ) is provided. After investigation of the available literature, four articles were found to meet inclusion criteria and were included within the review. All studies included met the following criteria. Participants were ages 17 to 65 years old, had a diagnosis of moderate to severe TBI, were enrolled in post-acute rehabilitation, and were assessed with the Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ). Overall, the available literature suggests that completion of a program within a post-acute facility does create positive outcomes for the individual with TBI; however, the outcomes are dependent on various factors regarding TBI severity, the administration of intervention, the type of intervention, time post-onset and age of participants at the time of onset. Future research is necessary to provide a more comprehensive view of post-acute rehabilitation and the outcomes that these patients may expect as they begin their road to recovery.Item Eye tracking : diagnostic measure of mild traumatic brain injury(2016-05) Gentilini, Cara Lynn; Marquardt, Thomas P.; Sussman, HarveyAdults with mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) experience a variety of memory, pragmatic, social, and cognitive changes that have significant long-term effects. Though the majority of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are mild, there is a lack of objective and reliable diagnostic markers for the assessment of MTBI. This report provides a critical review of eye tracking as a possible diagnostic procedure for the evaluation of MTBI. Specifically, the purpose of this paper is to describe the characteristics, classification and assessment of TBI, review methods used to evaluate MTBI, and discuss the emergence of eye tracking as an effective diagnostic tool for the disorder.Item MMPI-2-RF : clinical utility with a traumatic brain injury population(2012-08) Markle, Minda Marlene; McCarthy, Christopher J.; Mercer, Walt N.; Borich, Gary; Sherry, Alissa; Childs, HelenThe 567-item MMPI-2 is the most widely used personality measure; it requires a sixth-grade reading level, takes 60-90 minutes to administer, and reports robust psychometrics. However, traumatic brain injury (TBI) sequelae can cause cognitive deficits that affect test-taking abilities and item endorsement during differential diagnoses of neurological and personality factors. Therefore, this study examined the clinical utility of the shortened 338-item MMPI-2-RF inventory with a post-acute TBI population as a practical alternative. The MMPI-2-RF requires a fifth-grade reading level and takes 35-50 minutes to administer. The MMPI-2-RF also includes revised versions of the MMPI-2 Validity Scales and new substantive scales that may better psychometrically account for personality in TBI sequelae, such the Somatic/Cognitive Scales. This study conducted an incremental validity analysis of the MMPI-2-RF with a non-litigating, post-acute care TBI population in Central Texas. The goal of the study was to explore the measure’s performance, or its ability to capture functional dimensions in a TBI sample. More specifically, the study examined the construct validity of MMPI-2 to MMPI-2-RF Validity and Restructured Clinical Scales, and criterion validity for the Somatic/Cognitive Scales with neuropsychological and neurobehavioral functioning measures. An archival neuropsychological database (N = 60) was analyzed of patients who participated in TBI rehabilitation treatment at a Central Texas hospital. MMPI-2-RF profiles were retrospectively scored with MMPI-2 archival data. Statistical analysis between MMPI-2 to MMPI-2-RF Validity and Restructured Clinical Scales was conducted. MMPI-2-RF Somatic/Cognitive Scales and criterion measures of Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale, 4th Edition (WAIS-IV), The Weschler Memory Scales, 4th Edition (WMS-IV), The Booklet Category Test, 2nd Edition (BCT), and the Neurobehavioral Functioning Inventory (NFI) were examined. Patient demographics and measurement qualities were reported with the sample.Item Phonological and semantic list learning with individuals with TBI(2011-05) Lindsey, Andre Michele; Harris, Joyce L.; Marquardt, ThomasThe purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which learning and recall are facilitated by semantic and phonological targets. A list-learning paradigm was administered to 10 individuals with a history of traumatic brain injury. Participants were asked to recall and identify words that were present on the list. The lists consisted of semantically related associate words and phonologically related associate words. Participants recalled significantly more semantically related associates than phonological associates. Demographic factors such as age, time-post injury, and educational attainment did not have a significant effect on the recall ability for either word target type. Word recognition ability also was not influenced by target type. The results of this study found adults with TBI use a semantic network following brain injury and that semantic targets are more beneficial for recall than phonological targets.Item Verbal learning ability after traumatic brain injury : roles of working memory and processing speed(2011-08) Ridley, Kristen Paige; Keith, Timothy, 1952-; Allen, Greg; Mercer, Walt; Robillard, Rachel; Schallert, DianeLearning and memory impairments are among the most common and enduring cognitive consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Researchers have yet to reach a consensus with regard to the basic cognitive mechanism underlying new learning and memory disturbances after TBI. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the current views regarding the cognitive processes thought to explain impairments in verbal learning and memory subsequent to brain injury. Specifically, this study sought to examine the roles of the central executive component of working memory and processing speed in verbal learning ability following TBI. Latent variable structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the data of 70 post-acute care TBI patients between the ages of 16 and 65, who completed a full neuropsychological evaluation. Results indicated that verbal learning and memory difficulties following TBI were explained primarily in terms of the central executive aspects of working memory, after accounting for the relative contributions of processing speed in the model. The direct effect of processing speed on verbal learning and memory was not significant when working memory was taken into account in the model. Rather, the effects of processing speed on verbal learning ability were largely indirect through the central executive component of working memory. Results highlight the importance of both working memory and processing speed in supporting verbal learning and memory processes after TBI. Practical implications for targeting remediation efforts and directing approaches to memory rehabilitation are discussed in light of the study’s findings.