Browsing by Subject "Size Effect"
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Item Analysis of Particle Size and Interface Effects on the Strength and Ductility of Advanced High Strength Steels(2013-03-14) Ettehad, MahmoodThis thesis is devoted to the numerical investigation of mechanical behavior of Dual phase (DP) steels. Such grade of advanced high strength steels (AHSS) is favorable to the automotive industry due the unique properties such as high strength and ductility with low finished cost. Many experimental and numerical studies have been done to achieve the optimized behavior of DP steels by controlling their microstructure. Experiments are costly and time consuming so in recent years numerical tools are utilized to help the metallurgist before doing experiments. Most of the numerical studies are based on classical (local) constitutive models where no material length scale parameters are incorporated in the model. Although these models are proved to be very effective in modeling the material behavior in the large scales but they fail to address some critical phenomena which are important for our goals. First, they fail to address the size effect phenomena which materials show at microstructural scale. This means that materials show stronger behavior at small scales compared to large scales. Another issue with classical models is the mesh size dependency in modeling the softening behavior of materials. This means that in the finite element context (FEM) the results will be mesh size dependent and no converged solution exist upon mesh refinement. Thereby by applying the classical (local) models one my loose the accuracy on measuring the strength and ductility of DP steels. Among the non-classical (nonlocal) models, gradient-enhanced plasticity models which consider the effect of neighboring point on the behavior of one specific point are proved to be numerically effective and versatile tools to accomplish the two concerns mentioned above. So in this thesis a gradient-enhanced plasticity model which incorporates both the energetic and dissipative material length scales is derived based on the laws of thermodynamics. This model also has a consistent yield-like function for the interface which is an essential part of the higher-order gradient theories. The main issue with utilizing these theories is the implementation which limits the application of these theories for modeling the real problems. Here a straightforward implementation method based on the classical FEM and Meshless method will be proposed which due to its simplicity it can be applied for many problems. The application of the developed model and implementation will be shown on removing the mesh size dependency and capturing the size effect in microstructure level of dual phase steels.Item Monte Carlo Simulations of Grid Walled Proportional Counters with Different Site Sizes for HZE Radiation(2012-07-16) Liu, HaifengTissue-equivalent proportional counters are frequently used to measure dose and dose equivalent in cosmic radiation fields that include high-Z, high-energy (HZE) particles. The fact that particles with different stopping powers can produce the same energy deposition in the same detector means that the measure of lineal energy cannot provide enough information to evaluate the equivalent dose due to HZE particles. To characterize incident particles by mass and velocity, a multiple-detector system composed of three tissue-equivalent proportional counters simulating different size tissue volumes was proposed to be built. This system took advantage of the well-known fact that lineal energy (y) of a HZE particle depends on the site size, as well as the particle mass and energy. Monte Carlo calculations were used to evaluate lineal energy, using GEANT4, in grid-walled (wall-less) proportional counters with simulated unit density site diameter of 0.1, 0.5 and 2.5 micrometers in a uniform HZE particle field. Uniform beams of 1000 MeV/n and 100 MeV/n 56Fe26+, 28Si14+, 16O8+, 12C6+, 4He2+ ions and proton particles bombarding the detectors were simulated. The results of the calculations were used to determine how much additional information about particle charge and velocity could be obtained from such a detector system. Comparison of simulation results with those of walled detectors was included in the study to illustrate the wall effect. The results shows that the detector system is capable of characterizing HZE particles in a mixed unknown field based on the lineal energy spectra as well as the calculated mean lineal energy. This suggests that it may be practical to use such a system to measure the average particle velocity of HZE particles in space. The parameters used in the simulation are also good references for detector construction. There is only limited experimental data for lineal energy resulting from a large uniform field of HZE particles incident on a wall-less detector. However, the Monte Carlo results are consistent with the experimental data available.