Browsing by Subject "Sex role"
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Item A longitudinal examination of the relationship between selected gender role variables and marital quality(Texas Tech University, 1989-08) Hood, C. JeffersonThe purpose of the study was to examine longitudinally the relationship between two gender-role orientation variables (gender-role attitude and gender-role identity) and marital quality. This research was a replication of recent research which has found that the more egalitarian the husband is with respect to the wife, the higher the marital quality of each spouse and other research which has found that femininity is positively associated with the level of marital quality of each spouse. In addition to same-time analyses, these relationships were examined longitudinally. The theoretical model used was Social Exchange Theory. The focus of this theory on the roles which marital partners develop as they join in a relationship with one another made it especially applicable to this study. Findings of the study were based on a sample of 35 couples who had been married an average of a little over a year and a half, most of whom did not have children. Length of marriage and presence or absence of children were identified as covariates in the preliminary analyses. Partial correlations were used to test the hypotheses. At time one, the relationship between femininity of the wife and level of marital quality of the husband was positive and significant, confirming the first hypothesis. AH other hypotheses were not confirmed. Additional analyses were undertaken to identify a discriminant procedure which could classify spouses as to whether they were more satisfied or less satisfied as to their marital quality. Eight variables (masculinity, femininity, spouse masculinity. Spouse femininity, total income, length of marriage, and the score on the Marital Roles Attitude Scale) and presence of children were able to correctly classify couples about 7096 of the time. Implications of this procedure are discussed.Item A re-evaluation of gender label effects: expectant mothers' responses to infants(Texas Tech University, 1979-05) Carver, William ShermanNot availableItem A study of adolescent sex-role attitudes in a West Texas town(Texas Tech University, 1978-12) Hromas, Sherrilyn GayNot availableItem An analysis of sex-role stereotyping and pupil achievement(Texas Tech University, 1980-12) Whitfield, CNot availableItem An evaluation of the effects of vigilance performance upon the automatic process of frequency estimation(Texas Tech University, 1986-05) Brenner, Richard NeilPast research has shown that subject gender and mental load may have significant effects upon performance. In studies where gender differences have been reported, males have been found to be superior to females on vigilance tasks. However, it was suggested here that this is resultant from traditional male superiority on symbolic tasks, in that vigilance tasks have traditionally utilized symbolic stimuli. It was expected that the traditional performance, as would increased mental load. The Hasher and Zacks' (1979) hypothesis of event frequency as an automatic process was examined, as subjects in this study were asked to estimate the frequency of the stimuli they saw during the vigilance phase of the experiment. The automaticity • hypothesis in question suggests that frequency estimation should not be affected by subjects' performance on a distractor task, assuming exposure to the stimuli to be tested is sufficient. The vigilance task served as a means of measuring subjects' attention to the to-be-tested stimuli. It was hypothesized here that, contrary to the automaticity hypothesis, vigilance performance would be positively related to frequency estimation performance. It was found that for verbal stimuli, males and females performed equally on both vigilance and frequency estimation tasks, and that performance was better for verbal stimuli than for symbolic stimuli on both tasks. Males outperformed females on vigilance for symbolic stimuli, providing some support for the concept that male vigilance superiority is related to the type of information presented. While the automaticity hypothesis does not explain why frequency estimation of symbolic stimuli is poorer than that of verbal stimuli, the lack of a clear relationship between attention and frequency estimation found in this study does support Hasher and Zacks' contention.Item An examination of the influence of sex and sex role identity on learned helplessness and depression(Texas Tech University, 1983-08) Danker-Brown, Pamela SAttempts have been made to explain why depression occurs more frequently in women than in men. A number of authors have focused particularly on the learned helplessness model of depression and have emphasized the possible effects of sex role identity on exposure and susceptibility to helplessness. The current research was designed to further explore the role of sex role identity in susceptibility to depression. Introductory psychology students who volunteered to participate were given a battery of questionnaires that assessed masculinity and femininity, desire for control over decision making on a team problem-solving task, preference for luck versus skill based tasks, and attributional style. Eighty males and eighty females were selected to participate further. Half of the males and females in each of the four sex role identity groups were exposed to unsolvable concept formation problems and responded to questions concerning attributions for their performance. All students completed measures of mood, self-esteem and an anagram task as measures of symptoms of helplessness. All of the students were then taken to another room to what they thought was a separate experiment and given additional measures of mood, self-esteem and generalizability of helplessness effects. Both sex and sex role identity were found to influence preference for control over decision making and for luck versus skill tasks. Male gender and high masculinity was associated with preference to have control over one's environment. The implications of these findings for differential self-exposure to depression producing experiences is discussed. Contrary to earlier research, only androgynous females appeared to have been affected by the helplessness manipulation. Sex and sex role identity did influence measures of attributions; however, these differences did not parallel differences found in susceptibility to helplessness symptoms. Results are discussed in relation to sex differences in reported rates of depression, the learned helplessness model of depression, and methodological considerations for research on sex or sex role identity differences in susceptibility to learned helplessness.Item Attributions to conflicted and nonconflicted couples(Texas Tech University, 1983-12) Chance, Gary MNot availableItem A case study of Korean girls' constructions of girlhood in a kindergarten class(2007) Yoon, Jaehui, 1970-; Reifel, Robert StuartThis is a case study to explore Korean girls' construction of girlhoods in a kindergarten class in order to answer the two research questions: 1) What are the constructions of girlhood that emerge in a Korean kindergarten classroom? 2) How do the girls in the classroom negotiate the constructions of girlhood? Employing the conceptual framework of gender as being a social construction (Blaise, 2005; Davies, 2003; MacNaughton, 1997 & 2000; Thorne, 1993), I reconceptualize aspects of young girls' lives and behavior that for a long time have been regarded as insignificant, natural, and/or non-existent by mainstream ECE. The findings of this study will help fill a void in the current body of knowledge in Korean and Western ECE fields. I completed data collection in one Korean kindergarten class of 5-year-olds, located in Seoul, Korea. I gathered data from five different sources: 1) field notes from observations of students' speech and behavior; 2) audiotapes of students' conversations; 3) interviews with the students; 4) interviews with the classroom teachers; and 5) my research journals. Data analysis proceeded by searching for categories and codes following Strauss and Corbin (1998) in order to find emergent themes in relation to Korean girls' construction of girlhood. By observing girls' talk and behaviors through a social constructionist perspective, I have uncovered three constructions of girlhood in one Korean kindergarten. They are appearance-based girlish girlhood, oppositional girlhood, and heteronormative girlhood. Before uncovering the girls' lived experiences that are constituted by and constitute the constructions of girlhood, I portray how these girlhoods came to take place in an institutional setting, emphasizing the institution's curriculum, guidelines, and teachers. I then go into detail about the three constructed girlhoods that emerged under these institutional conditions. The emerging girlhoods in the research setting were discursively constructed in relation to three pervasive and imperative ideas about being a girl. Although the three constructions are relevant to different aspects of life for a young Korean girl, they are not mutually exclusive or competitive. First, appearance-based girlish girlhood is constituted by and constitutes girls' bodies and bodily practices by correctly signifying their gender. Oppositional girlhood manifests itself in girls' everyday endeavors to maintain the legitimacy of the gender binary. Finally, heteronormative girlhood is a reflection of the pervasiveness of heteronormativity in Korean society at large.Item Changes in the friendship network structure as a function of gender, marital status, and gender role attitudes(Texas Tech University, 1985-08) Mizell, Melinda MNot availableItem Child's sex as a determinant of adult reactions to the child(Texas Tech University, 1977-05) Hibbs, Kay GriffithNot availableItem Collusion in close relationships: the impact of gender schematic processing on perceptions of influencing strategies(Texas Tech University, 1992-08) Plescia, Joanne ArcaroIndividuals use various influencing strategies during decision-making processes in close relationships. Use of these strategies is based on past experiences and outcome expectancies and is structured by cognitive formations called a schema. Some research suggests that individuals have schema that are formed by gender-based assumptions which reflect expectancies regarding typical and appropriate behavior for males and females in close relationships. These expectations may affect perceptions of interactions in close relationships. A typical gender-schema includes an imbalance of power which may be reflected in an individual's selection of influencing strategies, with women using weak and males using strong strategies. In this context, collusion may exist to maintain a culturally appropriate balance of power which is facilitated by a gender-schema. The present study tested four hypotheses designed to investigate the following phenomena: the impact of gender-schema processing and sex of subject on the family of origin functioning, influencing strategies and collusion in close relationships. A sample of 180 male and 180 female college students enrolled in introductory psychology and human sexuality courses completed the Hem Sex Role Inventory which assesses gender schematic tendencies in individuals. Subjects were given a scenario involving two script characters engaged in a social decision-making process. Each character used one of several influencing styles. Subjects then rated the script characters using the Adjective Checklist, the Impact Message Inventory (IMI), and indicated their perceptions of script characters behavior. Finally, subjects completed the Family Environment Scale which measures family-of-origin authoritarian, submissive and cooperative styles. Conclusions are drawn regarding the identification and evaluation of influencing strategies as these processes are influenced by gender and gender schema. Implications for inter-gender collusion are discussed.Item Cross-national comparison of parenting attitudes: women's and men's attitudes towards participation of household tasks and childcare(Texas Tech University, 1999-12) Apparala, Malathi LathaStudying attitudes is very important because attitudes often predict actual behavior. Attitudes might be the cause of many unresolved conflicts in families and may be related to marital satisfaction. Attitudes toward participation in household tasks and childcare by fathers and mothers were explored using Resource Theory, Social Role Theory, and Postmaterialism/Materialism. Individual-level, family-level, and macro-level hypotheses were formulated to test the basic assumptions of these theories. The present study utilized data from Euro-Barometer surveys including data from 15,136 individuals residing in 13 countries in Europe. Analysis procedures included simple correlations and multi-level regression equations. On the whole, the study clearly indicated that men's and women's attitudes toward household tasks and childcare are related to various individual, and macro-level factors. It was found that at the individual level respondents held egalitarian attitudes towards household work and childcare when they were younger, were female and held liberal political attitudes. At the country level, gender empowerment, GNP, and individualism were related to egalitarian attitudes towards household work and childcare. When looking at results separately by gender, social class was positively related to egalitarian attitudes towards household work and childcare in women. Few of the hypotheses were not supported, which might be because of methodological and conceptual problems. Researchers should consider replicating the results to support these findings. Study implications, strengths and weaknesses, as well as suggestions for future research were addressed.Item Differential state anxiety reactions to two types of threat for androgynous vs. traditionally sex-typed subjects(Texas Tech University, 1982-08) Saylor, Charles BartonThe present study investigated the differential state anxiety reactions, measured by self report and by performance on a cognitive task, of traditionally sex-typed and androgynous male and female college students. There were 30 subjects in each of the four groups: masculine males, androgynous males, feminine females, and androgynous females. The anxiety reactions of 10 subjects from each group were examined under one of three conditions: a physical danger stress, an evaluation/failure stress, and a no stress control. Results indicated that both stressors produced increases in state anxiety on both measures. As predicted, in both stress conditions the feminine females reported more anxiety than the masculine and androgynous subjects. Masculine and androgynous subjects did not differ from each other. There were no differences between groups on the cognitive performance measure; all groups displayed significantly more anxiety-related interference in the evaluation/failure condition than in the physical harm condition. The results were discussed from the perspectives of the Bem (1974) and Spence (1978) models of sex role functioning.Item Effect of sex of defendant, sex of expert witness and type of crime on judicial decisions: a mock jury study(Texas Tech University, 1982-08) Dravin, Linda PNot availableItem Effects of a mathematics facilitation program upon sex role identification and attitudes toward mathematics(Texas Tech University, 1981-05) Dooley, Alfred RobertsNot availableItem Emotional intimacy between heterosexual males(Texas Tech University, 1986-08) Todd, TracyNot availableItem Family background and close relationships in young adulthood(Texas Tech University, 1984-12) Walden, Vikki RNot availableItem Feminism: the development of a scale and exploration of antecedents(Texas Tech University, 1980-05) Overton, Helen HawthorneNot available.Item Feminism: the development of a scale and exploration of antecedents(Texas Tech University, 1980-05) Overton, Helen HawthorneNot availableItem Gender and leadership in organizations: toward a theoretical integration(Texas Tech University, 1979-08) Smith, Herman WayneDespite the emergence of the psychology of women Denmark, 1977), relatively few firm conclusions have been reached regarding females in positions of organizational leadership. Recent legislation and increased public awareness have provided the impetus for an increase in the number of women holding positions of executive responsibility (Jacobson & Koch, 1977). The psychological and management literature focusing on female leadership, however, is generally amorphous and often contradictory. There are no clear-cut themes to allow the formulation of a coherent profile of the woman leader. One means of arriving at a more integrated and consistent view of female leadership may be investigation of the phenomenon within established theoretical bounds. By working within the relatively structured framework of social psychological theory, investigators may be able to progress in a logical and productive fashion. This dissertation was intended to study female leadership through an integration of equity and attribution theories, along with the concept of sex role stereotyping. These constructs were explored in the context of leader performance, satisfaction, role comfort, and organizational reward allocation. It was expected that several factors would be shown to interact, and thus influence female leadership.