Browsing by Subject "Ruminants -- Feeding and feeds -- Evaluation"
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Item Influence of coated whole cottonseed on nutritional value and its potential for supplementation to ruminants(Texas Tech University, 2001-05) Melton, Crystal Sheree M.Whole cottonseed {Gossyplum hirsutum) is a valuable source of crude protein (CP) and energy in livestock feeds, but lint fibers on the seed coat make mechanical handling difficult. A commercially available starch coating process has improved mechanical handling of cottonseed. This coating might offer opportunities for incorporating other nutrients or feed additives to supplement grazing ruminants. Thus, four experiments were conducted to determine effects of the coating process on nutritional value and digestibility of whole cottonseed and its potential to act as a carrier. In the first experiment, potential minerals and feed additives that could be included in the coating were investigated for cattle fed sorghum (sorghum bicolor) stover supplemented with coated whole cottonseed (CWC). Our results indicated that most of the animal's nutritional needs were either met or exceeded when cottonseed was added to meet CP requirements. However, for a cow in late gestation, P was deficient. Growing cattle and cows in early lactation were borderline for dietary P and needs for additional sulfur (S), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) were indicated. These minerals seem feasible for inclusion in the coating. Experiment two investigated effects of physical additions to the coating on coating integrity. Feed additives investigated included Rumensin® and Ascophyllum nodosum ground to United States Sieve Size (USSS) 100, 40, and 14 (Tasco-14), and a water-soluble extract (Tasco-EX). Particle size played a major role in physically adding material to CWC. The larger the individual particle of A. nodosum Kelp Meal and Tasco-14, the less chance each particle could property incorporate in the coating and adhere to the seed. Rumensin® with a small particle size and Tasco-EX, mixed readily with the cornstarch, and seed coating was successful. Effects of coating whole cottonseed on dry matter (DM) digestibility, nitrogen (N) balance, and mineral metabolism were investigated in a metabolism trial with wether lambs (BW = 30 kg; SD = 2.3 kg) fed four forage silages. Twenty-four Rambouillet crossbred lambs were fed either corn {Zea mays) silage or 'Brown midrib-100', 'Fame', or 'Cow Vittles M' sorghum silages. Silages were supplemented with CWC, uncoated whole cottonseed (UCWC), or cottonseed meal (CSM) to meet CP requirements. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with a 3 x 4 factorial arrangement of treatments. Dry matter digestibility was greater (P < 0.01) for lambs supplemented with CSM than for the mean of CWC and UCWC. Coating whole cottonseed did not alter DM digestibility compared with UCWC and had no influence on blood serum mineral values. There seemed to be no negative effects of the coating process on DM digestibility or mineral status of the lambs. Apparent N absorption by lambs fed CWC was greater (P < 0.05) than UCWC expressed either as grams per day (P < 0.05) or as a percentage of intake (P < 0.001). Furthermore, at the beginning of the collection period, blood urea N (BUN) did not differ among lambs fed the different CP supplements; however, by the end of the collection period, BUN was greater (P < 0.05) in lambs fed the whole cottonseed than CSM. Finally, a laboratory in vitro experiment was conducted to evaluate effects of CWC as a carrier to deliver feed additives and whether inclusion altered in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) and in vitro volatile fatty acid (VFA) ratios. The IVDMD was greater (P < 0.01) for CWC than for UCWC. Including Tasco-EX either in the coating or in the substrate resulted in greater (P < 0.05) DM digestibility than when monensin was included or compared with CWC alone. Volatile fatty acid ratios showed that for acetic acid, UCWC was greater (P < 0.02) than for CWC while for butyric acid, concentration was greater (P < 0.02) for CWC than for UCWC. However, these differences were only observed in one of two runs (treatment x run interaction P < 0.001). Acetic acid (mol/I00mol) increased linearly (P < 0.001) over time. Propionic acid concentration (mol/100mol) decreased linearly (P < 0.01) over time but did not differ among treatments. Butync acid concentration (mol/IOOmol) increased initially then decreased (quadratic response; P < 0.001). Total VFA concentration (mmol/L) increased linearly (P < 0.001) over time. Coating of whole cottonseed did not alter in vivo DM digestibility and could enhance protein metabolism. The coating process seems to be a valuable tool as a delivery system for supplementation of feed additives and may be appropriate for supplementation of minerals as well.Item The effects of extrusion on ruminal digestion and performance of ruminants(Texas Tech University, 1998-05) Sanders, Kelly JamesThe effects of extruded cottonseed and was evaluated to determine if extrusion would alter the nutrient composition (DM, CP, NDF, ADF, total gossypol, TG , free gossypol, FG, and protein solubility, PS), ruminal digestion (dry matter digestibility, (DMD), true dry matter digestibility (TDD), ammonia release, (AR) and in sim nitrogen disappearance ND), body metabolism and animal performance. Whole cottonseed (WCS) and cull cottonseed (CCS) were extruded with an Insta Pro (Model 2000R) extruder at 112, 123 and 135^0 . Samples were dried and ground through a 1 mm screen for CCS and a 2 mm screen for WCS. Crude protein, EE, ash, TG was higher (P < .05) in the CCS. The effects of extrusion on DM, NDF, ADF and PS were dependent on the type of seed and temperature. Dry matter was increased for WCS and decreased for CCS. Neutral detergent fiber and ADF were higher for WCS and NDF decreased as temperature increased while CCS increased as temperature increased. Protein solubility was higher for WCS and CCS was lower for PS due to temperature. In vitro DMD was not changed by extrusion, but TDD was greater for CCS and TDD was decreased by extrusion temperature. Ammonia release was not significantly different between treatments but a trend of decreased AR was found when extruded temperature was increased. No differences were found for body metabolism. No differences were found in lamb performance when lambs were fed cottonseed meal (control) or different levels of extruded WCS (25, 50 ro 100% of the supplemental protein, EWC25, EWC50 or EWCl00, respectively) except that the EWCl00 had lower ADG while EWC25 and EWCl00 had the lowest FE. Lamb performance was numerically increased for EWC50. Average daily gain was increased by 11% and FE was increased by 8%. These data suggest that extruded cotton products can be used in ruminant diets without negative effects.Item The effects of source of zinc on performance, nutrient utilization, and immune function in ruminants(Texas Tech University, 2002-05) Nunnery, Greg AlanThree experiments were conducted to evaluate the availability of different sources of Zn for ruminants. In the first experiment, lambs were supplemented with no supplemental Zn (control) or 20 mg of Zn/kg from Zn sulfate, Zn methionine, or Zn propionate to determine the effect of source of Zn on Zn absorption and retention in each of two collection periods. The control diet was removed from the analysis of the first collection period because it was contaminated with Zn. In both collection periods, absorption (P < 0.05) and retention (P < 0.05) of Zn was greater by lambs receiving Zn propionate than by lambs in the other treatments. In the second experiment, the effect of supplemental Zn on heifer performance during receiving and finishing phases was evaluated. Treatments were no supplemental Zn (control) or 75 mg of Zn/kg from Zn sulfate, Zn methionine, or Zn propionate. During the receiving phase, control heifers had a higher (P < 0.05) d-35 body weight (BW) and were more efficient (P < 0.05) than heifers in the other three treatments. Heifer morbidity did not differ (P > 0.10) among treatments for the 35-d receiving phase. Dry matter intake and daily gain did not differ (P > 0.05) among treatments for the 168-d finishing period; however, feed efficiency was poorer (P > 0.05) for control heifers than for the average of heifers in the other treatments. Carcass characteristics generally did not differ (P > 0.05) among treatments. The third experiment evaluated the effects of no supplemental Zn (control) or 75 mg of Zn/kg from Zn sulfate, Zn methionine, or Zn propionate on the humoral immune response of heifers injected with ovalbumin (OVA). Specific OVA antibody titers did not differ (P > 0.10) among the four treatments on any of the days measured. Results suggest that Zn propionate seems to be a more available source of Zn based on the data from the lamb trial; however, no major differences between the sources were observed for morbidity, performance, or the humoral immune response of heifers.