Browsing by Subject "Resistance"
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Item A case study of Texas regional education service center multicultural/diversity trainers' perception of teacher resistance and structural barriers to multicultural education(2009-05-15) Ibrahim, EronifThis qualitative case study of eight veteran Texas Regional Education Service Center Multicultural/Diversity Trainers examined their perceptions of structural barriers and teacher resistance to a voluntary program of Multicultural/Diversity Training (MDT). It also explored how they made sense of their roles in light of their social locations. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews of the trainers, observations of MDT sessions, and examination of relevant documents. Data were analyzed using the constant comparative method. Three themes associated with structural barriers emerged: contextual factors, lack of administrative support, and the Texas system of accountability, particularly high stakes testing. The contextual factors were differences in regional cultures, the autonomy of the Education Service Centers, and the voluntary nature of MDT. Lack of administrative support for MDT is crucial because teachers often take administrative response to school reform as their cue for action or inaction. In Texas, high stakes testing exerts influence at every educational level, particularly on teachers in relation to curriculum, instruction, student placement and professional development choices. Teacher resistance to MDT occurred in the training sessions and in the classroom setting. During the training sessions teachers resisted MDT because it challenged deeply held beliefs and encouraged self-examination, personal disclosure, and discussions of race/ethnicity and culture. Resistance in the educational setting was manifested in maintenance of a Eurocentric perspective, and in school practices such as negative attitudes toward multicultural education and MDT, placement of students of color in special education and lower tracks, and negative attitudes toward all people of color. Ultimately, trainers suggest that they are enmeshed in a system that seeks to maintain the status quo, and that too many teachers have low expectations for students who are different from themselves and conform to a deficit model when dealing with those students.Item A room of her own : romance, resistance, and feminist thought in modern Urdu poetry(2015-05) Khan, Imran Hameed, 1975-; Hyder, Syed Akbar; Petievich, Carla; Minault, Gail; Visweswaran, Kamala; Hindman, Heather; Mohammad, Mahboob AThis dissertation examines the ways in which the female figure has emerged, and the ways in which women’s issues have been addressed in Urdu poetry in various ways during the twentieth century. In order to track these changes and shifts in the Urdu poetic landscape I examine five poets: Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938), Akhtar Shirani (1905-1948), Kaifi Azmi (1919-2002), Parveen Shakir (1952-1994), and Ishrat Afreen (b. 1956). I argue that each of these poets represents a distinct trend in the way women are discussed in Urdu poetry. While looking at these five poets I will consider the social context in which they were writing and how their poetry engages the canonical aesthetics of the past, along with the socio-political agendas of the present. By analyzing their poetry we can trace how through romance and resistance feminist thought developed in increments throughout the twentieth century. This poetry is a reflection of the social and cultural milieus in which it was written; it can help us understand how these poets understood their roles within their culture, as well as how they tried to push the boundaries of accepted cultural norms. Through these poets we can observe how the subject of Woman, women’s issues, and gender ideology evolved in twentieth century Urdu poetry. Furthermore, studying these poets shows us how the space created by earlier poets eventually led to women using the Urdu poetry landscape for overt feminist poetry, lending authentic women’s voices to women’s issues and movements in South Asia.Item A-AVOIR Resistance : a cross cultural study of sexual citizenship in North America and France(2012-05) Batiste, Dominique Pierre; Strong, Pauline Turner, 1953-; Speed, Shannon, 1964-; Johnson, MichaelWhat forms of resistance are gay men in France and North America enacting against heteronormativity and homophobia? And why are they enacting these particular forms of resistance? To answer these questions, this thesis aims to draw connections between gay men's resistance strategies and larger socio-political phenomena in both France and North American cultures. First I focus on the discursive construction of citizens, both heterosexual and homosexual, in order to illustrate how gay men are relegated to second-class citizenship based on their sexual identities and practices. My focus, here, is cultural citizenship and sexual citizenship, two themes that run throughout this thesis. Next, I use Foucault's theories of knowledge-power to reveal how power relations in society discursively create subject positions, such as 'homosexuals' and 'heterosexuals', utilizing structures of control, norms, rewards, and punishments in order to champion heterosexuality to the detriment of homosexuality. In order to contest exercises of power, gay men engage in acts of resistance. i examine scholarly debates centered on resistance, and create a list of criterion for overt resistance, which I dub A AVOIR Resistance on account that it includes the characteristics of Action, Alternatives, Visibility, Opposition, Intent, and Recognition. Utilizing my rubric for overt resistance, as well as Foucault's notions of power, I analyze interview transcripts from a sample of gay men in North America and France to reveal that some gay men, living outside of large metropolitan areas, are rejecting hegemonic ideals of 'gayness' and integrating into mainstream heteronormative society. These men are creating what I call 'authentic communities' where many individuals from various backgrounds and lifestyles live together harmoniously based primarily on access to resources rather than identity markers such as sexual identity. this research shows a split between the ways that urban and suburban gay men embody their homosexuality. Since research on gay men focuses on those living in urban areas, my research calls, instead, for focus on suburban gay men and their resistance to homo-normative ideologies of what it means to me gay.Item Colistin for multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii from Thailand(2010-08) Srisupha-Olarn, Warunee; Burgess, David S., doctor of pharmacy; Frei, Christopher R.Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii have caused nosocomial infections worldwide. Nowadays, there are no effective regimens to treat MDR- A. baumannii. Therefore, this study’s objective was to find out an effective antimicrobial combination against MDR-A. baumannii. This project consisted of four parts. Part 1 was an in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility test of MDR-A. baumannii collected from Thailand. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines using a broth microdilution technique. This study found that colistin was the most active against MDR-A. baumannii (MIC50 0.5µg/mL, MIC90 1µg/mL). In addition, 77% of MBL -producing A. baumannii were reported using the MBL Etest strips. This prevalence was higher than previously reported. Part 2 was conducted to compare antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of pre- and post-colistin exposure A. baumannii isolates. After colistin exposure, A. baumannii isolates became resistant to colistin but more susceptible to cefepime, doxycycline, meropenem and rifampicin. These findings suggested the potential of a synergistic activity of colistin combinations. Part 3 was a time-kill study that compared activity of colistin alone and in combination against MDR-A. baumannii. Time-kill assays were performed using a standard inoculum. Colistin monotherapy was rapidly bactericidal against these isolates; however, regrowth occurred at 24 hrs. On the other hand, colistin in combination with cefepime, doxycycline, meropenem or rifampicin demonstrated synergy and maintained bactericidal activity over 24 hrs (100%). Part 4 was designed to optimize meropenem dosing regimens using a PK-PD model. Three MDR-A. baumannii with colistin MICs (0.5-1µg/mL) and meropenem MICs (32-128µg/mL) were tested. The antimicrobial regimens alone and in combination evaluated were: colistin 2.5mg/kg every 12 hrs, meropenem 3g and 6g continuously infused (CI) over 24 hrs. Colistin monotherapy was rapidly bactericidal but regrowth did occur. Both combinations express synergy (100%). Nevertheless, colistin and high dose meropenem (6g CI over 24 hrs) was bactericidal and prevented regrowth over 24 hrs. In conclusion, MBL-producing A. baumannii is more prevalent than previously thought and colistin combined with a high dose meropenem (6g/day) has good potential to overcome multidrug- and carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii. These findings should be further evaluated in animal models and clinical practices.Item Conformational dynamics plays a significant role in HIV reverse transcriptase resistance and substrate selection(2012-12) Nguyen, Virginia Myanh; Johnson, Kenneth AllenHuman immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase (HIV RT) is a virally encoded polymerase responsible for replicating the HIV genome. Most HIV treatments include nucleotide RT inhibitors (NRTIs) which inhibit HIV RT replication by serving as a substrate for the polymerase reaction but then blocks subsequent polymerization after incorporation. However, resistance to these NRTIs may occur through specific mutations in HIV RT that increase the discrimination of HIV RT for natural nucleotides over NRTIs. The role of enzyme conformational dynamics in specificity and substrate selection was studied using transient kinetic methods on HIV RT enzymes that have been site-specifically labeled with a conformationally sensitive fluorophore, to measure the rates of binding and catalysis. First, HIV RT with the mutation of lysine to arginine at the residue position 65 (K65R) was examined for its resistance against the NRTI tenofovir diphosphate (TFV), an acyclic deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) analog. It was found that HIV RT K65R resistance to TFV was achieved through decreased rates of catalysis and increased rates of dissociation for TFV over dATP when compared with the kinetics of wild-type HIV RT. Moreover, global fitting analysis confirmed a mechanism where a large conformational change, after initial ground state binding of the substrate, contributed significantly to enzyme specificity. This led to our investigation of the molecular basis for enzyme specificity using HIV RT as a model system. Again, transient kinetic methods were applied with the addition of molecular dynamics simulations. The simulated results were substantiated by the corroborating experimental results. It was found that a substrate-induced conformational change in the transition of HIV RT from an open nucleotide-bound state to a closed nucleotide-bound state was the major determinant in enzyme specificity. The molecular basis for substrate selection resulted from the molecular alignments of the substrate in the active-site, which induced the conformational change. When the correct nucleotide was bound, optimal molecular interactions in the active-site yielded a stably closed complex, which promoted nucleotide incorporation. In contrast, when an incorrect nucleotide was bound, the molecular interactions at the active-site were not ideal, which yielded an unstable closed complex, which promoted substrate dissociation rather than incorporation.Item Contesting the mark of criminality : resistance and ideology in gangsta rap, 1988-1997(2009-08) McCann, Bryan John; Cloud, Dana L.This dissertation situates the emergence of gangsta rap from 1988-1997 within the historical trajectory of the American criminal justice system and the mass incarceration of African Americans. Specifically, it examines how the genre enacted the mark of criminality as a gesture of resistance in a period of sustained moral panic surrounding race and criminality in the United States. The mark of criminality refers to a regime of signifiers inscribed upon African American bodies that imagines black subjects as fundamental threats to social order. Drawing upon the theoretical resources of historical materialism and cultural studies, the project locates the mark of criminality within the social structures of capitalism, arguing that hegemonic fantasies of racialized criminality protect oppressive and exploitative social relations. The project concludes that while gangsta rap has many significant limitations associated with violence, misogyny, and commercialism, it nonetheless represents a salient expression of resistance that can inform broader interventions against the American prisons system. A number of questions guide this project. Chief among them are the following: In what ways does the criminal justice system operate as a site of rhetorical invention and hegemonic struggle? To what extent does gangsta rap enable and disable rhetorical and political agency? To what extent does it enable and disable interracial political practice? What are the implications of gangsta rap for a gendered politics of criminality? Three case studies demonstrate how specific gangsta rap artists inverted the mark of criminality toward the constitution of affirmative and resistant fantasies of black criminality. While the work of these artists, I argue, was significantly limited in its emancipatory potential, it nonetheless offered important insights into the contingency of race and crime in America. The project also considers how other rhetors responded to gangsta discourse, frequently toward the end of supporting hegemonic notions of race and criminality. The dissertation concludes that criminality functions as a vibrant site of rhetorical invention and resistance provided it is articulated to broader movements for social justice. While the often-problematic discourses of gangsta rap do not constitute politically progressive rhetorics in their own rights, they provide resources for the articulation of righteous indignation and utopian desires capable of challenging the prison-industrial complex.Item The corporeality of trauma, memory, and resistance : writing the body in contemporary fiction from Chile and Argentina(2014-05) Tille-Victorica, Nancy Jacqueline; Lindstrom, Naomi, 1950-; Domínguez-Ruvalcaba, Héctor; Heinzelman, Susan Sage; Robbins, Jill; Wettlaufer, AlexandraThis dissertation looks at the representation and impact of gendered violence in the novel Pasos bajo el agua (1986) and in the short stories in Ofrenda de propia piel (2004) by Argentine author and former political prisoner Alicia Kozameh (b. 1953), as well as in Jamás el fuego nunca (2007) and Impuesto a la carne (2010), two novels by Chilean writer Diamela Eltit (b. 1949). By examining the particular expressions of physical and psychological pain in the aforementioned texts, I demonstrate that Kozameh and Eltit write the female body to simultaneously represent a corporeality that, until recently, has rarely been expressed in literature, and reconstruct a body that has been traumatized by state-sponsored violence and by what could be considered economic violence. Both of them denounce violence, torture, disappearances, exile, and indifference to justice as painful events that not only damage the spirits of the victims, but that are also inscribed upon the physical body. I also show how each author addresses the overlapping of individual and collective traumatic memories and how these are felt in the body as well. Finally, I argue that writing the materiality of the lived body, from its vulnerability to its resilience, provides for Kozameh and Eltit valuable insight into the ways in which female bodies are able to resist and reassess the meaning imposed on them by legally-endorsed and non-official systems of oppression. Their work thus has direct viii social relevance that goes beyond feminism's countering of male dominance and women's rights. Yet, I also show that they manifest their feminist commitment by using the voice and body of female subjects to incorporate marginalized Chilean and Argentine bodies into the linguistic realm in order to provide a fuller understanding of female corporeality in Latin America.Item ?Doin? Whatever I Had to Do to Survive?: A Study of Resistance, Agency, and Transformation in the Lives of Incarcerated Women(2013-04-23) Sandoval, Carolyn LThe number of women who are incarcerated has increased significantly in the past few decades. Originally designed to manage male offenders, jails and prisons are ill-equipped to address the unique needs of women inmates whose paths to incarceration often include histories of trauma, abuse, and addiction. This qualitative study investigated the lives of 13 women who while incarcerated at Dallas County Jail, participated in an educational program, Resolana. The purpose of this study was to understand the women?s lives prior to incarceration, as well as the impact of the program and changes they experienced, if any, as a result of what they were learning. Data were collected using semi-structured, life history interviews, and by engaging in field observations as a volunteer for each class for a period of one week. An in-depth analysis through a critical lens, using a holistic-content narrative analysis method, was done with one participant?s life history. The findings are presented as an ethnodrama illuminating the cultural, social, personal, and legal systems of oppression that she survived and that contributed to her path to incarceration. Analyzed through a lens of agency and resistance, the findings that emerged from an analysis of all the participant?s life histories reveal that the women?s criminalized actions were often survival responses. The women employed various strategies, both legal and illegal, in response to people or situations involving control, power or domination over their lives. An analysis of the women?s experiences with Resolana through a transformative learning theoretical framework indicates that the women experience transformation in various ways and to varying degrees. The learning environment served as a container in which transformative learning could be cultivated through opportunities for interpersonal and intrapersonal engagement. The results of this study reveal the need for more and targeted advocacy and education for incarcerated and formerly incarcerated women. The results also indicate that the process and content of Resolana?s programming had a transformative impact on participants, and for some, the transformation was enduring. Finally, the results challenge definitions of criminal behavior in the context interlocking systems of oppression, and encourage thinking about alternatives to incarceration.Item Expressions of Maya identity and culture in Los Angeles : coloniality of power, resistance, and cultural memory(2010-08) Batz, Giovanni; Hale, Charles R., 1957-; Arias, ArturoThe migration of thousands of Guatemalan-Maya due to political violence and poverty since the 1970s led to the establishment of various diasporic communities throughout the United States. A frequent destination for the Maya is Los Angeles, California, where they are confronted with pressure to adapt within an environment that is predominately Latino/Hispanic. Maya identity expressed through the use of traje (Maya clothing), language, literature and spirituality is challenged by Euro-American culture such as western style of dress and the practice of English which discriminates against these customs. These conditions are more severe for Maya children who face the difficulties in preserving their heritage as a result of institutions such as public education which socializes them into US culture and history. Despite the presence of many indigenous communities in Los Angeles, such as the Maya, Mixtecos and Zapotecs, indigenous identity is almost non-existent in many public spaces and institutions. Discrimination against the Maya by their compatriots and other Latinos coupled with high rates of undocumented immigration statuses have contributed to this invisibility. Some Maya parents view the lack of a strong indigenous identity among their children as problematic and the source of negative cultural qualities such as disrespect towards elders, violence, individualism and misbehavior. In this study, I seek to examine Maya identity and culture in Los Angeles. What does it mean to identify as Maya in Los Angeles? What are the consequences of doing so? How do Maya immigrants respond to discrimination and what implications does discrimination have for the ethnic identity formation of their children? Why has Maya identity survived in some children of Maya and not in others? I found that while some Maya immigrants have assimilated into the Latino community in response to racism and fear of deportation, others have adopted strategies such as the use of marimba to preserve Maya identity which also serve to deal with a life of displacement and exile. Maya identity among children is highly influenced by factors such as the educational system, class and their parent’s willingness and ability to transmit Maya culture. Thus, while some children of Maya have been able to preserve and express their identity through various channels such as music and language, others may be unaware of, ashamed by or apathetic toward their indigenous roots and history.Item Gang reppin’ : revolutionizing resistance- critical discourse analysis of Colors, American Me & Straight Outta Compton(2016-05) Mariscal, Kathy Isabel; De Lissovoy, Noah, 1968-; Urrieta, LuisThis thesis aims to unpack the discourse of Black and Latinx gangs in popular film. The (mis)representation of Black and Latinxs in films has damaging implications for how they are perceived and understood in discourse, education, and in knowledge production. I build from Critical Race Feminism, which is an intersectional and race-gendered feminist lens that is needed in theorizing and unpacking traditional malestream gang discourse. Critical discourse analysis guides the methodology used to discuss the implications of the following three films: Colors (1988), American me (1992), and Straight Outta Compton (2015). By using popular film and critical media analysis as tools, there is a possibility to (re)define and understand gang resistance with hopes to decolonize existing discourses.Item Genital power : female sexuality in West African literature and film(2011-05) Diabate, Naminata; Moore, Lisa L. (Lisa Lynne); Hoad, Neville Wallace, 1966-This dissertation calls attention to three important contemporary texts from West Africa that resist the tacit cultural taboo around questions of sexuality to imagine empowering images of female sexuality. Using postcolonial feminist approaches, queer theory, and cultural studies, I analyze two novels and a film by T. Obinkaram Echewa, Frieda Ekotto, and film director Jean Pierre Bekolo to retrieve moments in which women characters turn the tables on denigrating views of their sexuality and marshal its power in the service of resistance. I show how in these texts, women bare their nether parts, wield menstrual cloths, enjoy same-sex erotic acts, sit on men's faces, and engage in many other stigmatized practices in a display of what I call "genital powers." These powers are both traditional to the cultures analyzed here and called into new forms by the pressures of decolonization and globalization. Through more complex representations of female sexuality, these texts chart a tradition in which stale binaries of victims and oppressors, the body as an exclusive site of female subjugation or as a site of eternal female power are blurred, allowing a deeper understanding of women's lived experiences and what it means to be a resisting subject in the postcolonial space. By broadly recovering women's powers and subjectivities, centering on sexuality and the body, I also examine the ways in which this mode of female subjectivity has thus far escaped comprehensive theorization. In this way, my project responds to Gayatri Spivak's call to postcolonial intellectuals to unlearn privileged forms of resistance in the recognition of subjectivity, and to develop tools that would allow us to "listen" to the voices of disenfranchised women - those removed from the channels of knowledge production. However, my study cautions that the recognition of genital powers should not be conflated with the romanticized celebration of female bodies and sexuality, since West African women continue to struggle against cultural, political, existential, and physical assaults.Item Greenhouse techniques to screen for resistance to peanut diseases(2008-05) Wilson, Jeffrey N.; Wheeler, Terry A.; Burow, Mark D.; Black, Mark; Peffley, Ellen B.Soil-borne diseases have become a significant concern in West Texas peanut production. Cylindrocladium parasiticum is an important peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) pathogen in the southeastern U.S. and was first confirmed in Texas in 2004. Two experiments were conducted to refine a screening technique for C. parasiticum using peanut germplasm with known resistance levels. Peanuts were screened using two container sizes (66 and 164 cm3), two inoculum densities (15 and 25 microsclerotia (ms)/g soil), and were sampled at three different times (4, 5, and 6 weeks after planting). Fresh root and shoot weights, root rot, and percentage visible taproot and secondary root necrosis were estimated at the three sampling intervals. Root weight and shoot weights complemented visual root ratings and were the only combinable measurements due to changes in C. parasiticum inoculum that occurred between trials. Percent taproot and secondary root necrosis on highly resistant genotype NC 3033 were significantly lower than on susceptible cultivar NC 7 in 66 cm3 containers at both inoculum densities. Percent taproot and secondary necrosis were simple, quick assessments of disease severity that unlike root rot ratings were continuous and less subjective. Neither taproot necrosis nor secondary root necrosis interacted with the effect of week of sampling which indicated that genotypes differences were apparent at 4 weeks after planting. In the growth chamber screening test, selected spanish genotypes had lower percentage taproot necrosis than selected runner genotypes (P < 0.0001). The majority of Texas Tech University, Jeffrey Wilson, May 2008 the spanish lines tested in this experiment had mean percent taproot necrosis values equivalent to highly resistant NC 3033. Six runner genotypes also had mean percent taproot necrosis values equivalent to highly resistant NC 3033. Sclerotinia minor is a serious disease of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) in the southeastern U.S. that has become a problem in numerous West Texas peanut fields since 1996. Growers need peanut cultivars adapted to West Texas growing conditions with resistance to S. minor. Methods used to evaluate resistance to S. minor in peanut included field evaluations, detached leaflet assays, and stem assays. In 2006, selected runner, higholeic spanish, and bunch-type genotypes were field tested in Stephenville, TX. Endemic inoculum was supplemented with an aggressive isolate of the most predominate Texas peanut S. minor genotype, TX1. Field disease severities were correlated with results from detached stem and leaflet assays. Detached leaflets were inoculated with an aggressive and moderately aggressive isolate of genotype TX1 along with an aggressive isolate of TX2, another prevalent S. minor genotype. Detached stems were inoculated with the aggressive S. minor isolate TX2. For runner genotypes, a significant correlation between field ratings and detached leaflet assays occurred using the aggressive (R2 = 0.96) and moderately aggressive (R2 = 0.93) TX1 isolates when two leaflet trials (eight total replications) were combined. No correlation between field ratings and detached leaflet assays or detached stem assays occurred for spanish and bunch-types. Field ratings and detached stem assays were significantly correlated with runner genotypes only in trial I (six replications) and when trials were combined.Item "Hips don't lie" : Mexican American female students' identity construction at The University of Texas at Austin(2012-08) Portillo, Juan Ramon; Straubhaar, Joseph D.; Hogan, KristenWhile a university education is sold to students as something anyone can achieve, their particular social location influences who enters this space. Mexican American women, by virtue of their intersecting identities as racialized women in the US, have to adopt a particular identity if they are to succeed through the educational pipeline and into college. In this thesis, I explore the mechanics behind the construction of this identity at The University of Texas at Austin. To understand how this happens, I read the experiences of six Mexican American, female students through a Chicana feminist lens, particularly Anzaldúa’s mestiza consciousness. I discovered that if Mexicana/Chicana students are to “make it,” they have to adopt a “good student, nice Mexican woman” identity. In other words, to be considered good students, Mexican American women must also adopt a code of conduct that is acceptable to the white-centric and middle-class norms that dominate education, both at a K-12 level and at the university level. This behavior is uniquely tied to the social construction of Mexican American women as a threat to the United States because of their alleged hypersexuality and hyperfertility. Their ability to reproduce, biologically and culturally, means that young Mexican women must be able to show to white epistemic authorities that they have their sexuality and gender performance “under control.” However, even if they adopt this identity, their presence at the university is policed and regulated. As brown women, they are trespassers of a space that has historically been constructed as white and male. This results in students and faculty engaging in microaggressions that serve to Other the Mexican American women and erect new symbolic boundaries that maintain a racial and gender hierarchy in the university. While the students do not just accept these rules, adopting the identity of “good student, nice Mexican woman” limits how the students can defend themselves from microaggressions or challenge the racial and gender structure. Nevertheless, throughout this thesis I demonstrate that even within the constraints of the limited identity available to the students, they still resist dominant discourses and exercise agency to change their social situation.Item Improving Maize by QTL Mapping, Agronomic Performance and Breeding to Reduce Aflatoxin in Texas(2012-07-16) Mayfield, Kerry LucasAflatoxins are potent carcinogens produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus Link:Fr and are a significant preharvest problem in maize production in Texas, the southern US, and subtropical climates. Several sources of maize germplasm are available which reduce preharvest aflatoxin accumulation, but many of these sources lack agronomic performance for direct use as a parent in commercial hybrids. Tropical germplasm is a source of both resistance to aflatoxin accumulation resistance and agronomic performance traits. The goal of this study was to investigate germplasm for traits to reduce preharvest aflatoxin accumulation. The specific objectives of this research were: 1) to validate QTL estimates previously identified in lines per se and estimate new QTL associated with reduced aflatoxin accumulations and agronomic traits; 2) to evaluate agronomic characteristics of selections from a RIL population in testcrosses at multiple locations across Texas; and (3) to release agronomically desirable germplasm sources with reduced risk to preharvest aflatoxin accumulation. A total of 96 QTLs were detected across fourteen measured traits using an RIL population of 130 individuals in testcross hybrids evaluated in five environments. Three QTL detected in per se analyses were also detected in hybrid testcrosses. Previously unreported QTL were detected on chromosomes 3, 4, 8 and 9. Within each of the two years, neither subset of the RIL testcross hybrids produced grain yields equal to commercial hybrid checks in these trials, but one testcross in 2008 produced grain yield within 10 percent of commercial check hybrids and in 2009, five RIL testcrosses produced grain yield within 17 percent of the commercial check hybrids. Although RIL testcrosses did not yield more than the commercial checks, they will be a source of germplasm for reduced aflatoxin. Improved sources of maize germplasm lines Tx736, Tx739, and Tx740 have been selected for adaptation to southern US and Texas growing environments with traits that reduce aflatoxin accumulation. Each of the lines in testcross accumulated significantly fewer aflatoxins than commercial hybrids in the trial.Item Investigation of Anthelmintic Resistance and De-Worming Regimens in Horses(Texas Tech University, 2005-08) Blanek, Meghan; Brady, Heidi A.; Pond, Kevin R.; Wester, David B.; Jackson, Samuel P.Parasite resistance has emerged as a health dilemma in the livestock industry as many classes of parasites are becoming resistant to dewormers. Parasitism is very costly to the equine industry as it affects the performance and health of horses. Resistance has been documented for every type of equine anthelmintic class. A series of three studies was conducted to determine the efficacy of different deworming regimens. In Study 1, three fenbendazole deworming regimens were given to assess efficacy as determined by fecal egg reduction and to test for possible anthelmintic resistance in a herd that was administered only fenbendazole for 18 months prior. Resistance to fenbendazole was documented in this population based on fecal egg count reduction (FECR) tests and DrenchRite assays. Significant differences in FECR were observed between the larvicidal treatment and 5 mg/kg treatment on both day 42 versus 28 (P < 0.05) and day 72 versus 56 (P = 0.10). When analyzed by age of young horses (< 2 years of age) versus mature mares (> 2 years of age), there was a significant difference on both day 42 versus 28 and day 72 versus 56 (P < 0.05). In Study two, the efficacy of moxidectin, ivermectrin, and the larvicidial dose of fenbendazole were studied in this herd of known resistance. Mean FECR tested on day 14 post treatment was 99.91%, 98.73%, and 89.07% respectively, for the three treatment groups. Moxidectin and ivermectin groups were significantly different from the fenbendazole group (P < 0.05). When analyzed by age however, there were no differences between treatment groups in the mature mares (> 2 years of age). However, the moxidectin and ivermectin were significantly different from the fenbendazole group in the young horses (< 2 years of age) (P < 0.05). Study three determined the efficacy of a year-long rotation on breaking fenbendazole resistance in a field setting. A farm wide study showed a quarterly rotation of pyrantel pamoate (June), ivermectin (September), a larvicidal dose of fenbendazole (December), and moxidectin (March) broke resistance based on fecal egg count reduction tests. The mean fecal egg count reductions for the treatments, tested on day 7 post treatment, were 95.86%, 100%, 97.84%, and 100% respectively.Item Life on Hold: Central American women’s experiences of U.S. immigrant detention(2016-08) Ford, Aileen Marie; González-López, Gloria, 1960-; Angel, Jacqueline LThis thesis examines daily life in U.S. immigrant detention in the state of Texas based on the perspective of formerly detained, asylum-seeking women from El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala. It seeks to answer the following primary questions: what are the policies and structures of current U.S. immigrant family detention centers in Texas, and how do they impact asylum-seeking Central American women and their children living in detention for weeks or months as a time? What internal or external resources do these women draw upon to survive the challenges of detention, and what happens to them once they leave? This thesis draws on theoretical texts, statistical data, news sources, and reports from international organizations and NGOs to build a conceptual framework to understand U.S. immigrant family detention; however, it places the memories and opinions of formerly-detained women at the heart of its conclusions by engaging in the methodology of oral history and the Latin American tradition of testimonio. This work is therefore divided into four principal chapters exploring: (1) country conditions in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras, as well as women’s reasons for leaving home; (2) asylum-seeking women’s encounters with U.S. Customs and Border Protection agents in the holding cells known as hieleras, or “iceboxes”; (3) experiences of daily life in two new, privately-operated immigrant family detention centers in Texas; and (4) women’s individual and collective efforts to resist the challenges of detention and find freedom. Generally speaking, asylum-seeking women from Central America experienced substantial discrimination, physical distress, and psychological hardship during their time in U.S. immigrant detention which left long-term negative impacts on their families’ overall health. Despite this, Central American women who participated in this thesis drew upon multiple internal resources to overcome barriers and organized to defend their human rights inside detention.Item Mechanisms of benzyl alcohol tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster(2009-12) Alhasan, Yazan Mahmoud; Atkinson, Nigel (Nigel S.); Zakon, Harold H.; Gonzales, Rueben A.; Singer, Michael C.; Bergeson, Susan E.Proper neuronal function requires the preservation of appropriate neural excitability. An adaptive increase in neural excitability after exposure to agents that depress neuronal signaling blunts the sedative drug effects upon subsequent drug exposure. This adaptive response to drug exposure leads to changes in drug induced behaviors such as tolerance, withdrawal and addiction. Here I use Drosophila melanogaster to study the cellular and neuronal components which mediate behavioral tolerance to the anesthetic benzyl alcohol. I demonstrate that rapid tolerance to benzyl alcohol is a pharmacodynamic mechanism independent of drug metabolism. Furthermore, tolerance is a cell autonomous response which occurs in the absence of neural signaling. Using genetic and pharmacological manipulations I find the synapse to play an important role in the development of tolerance. In addition, the neural circuits that regulate arousal and sleep also alter benzyl alcohol sensitivity. Beyond previously described transcriptional mechanisms I find a post-translational role of the Ca2+-activated K+-channel, slowpoke in the development of tolerance. Finally, I explore a form of juvenile onset tolerance, which may have origins that differ from rapid tolerance. The implications of this study go beyond tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster to benzyl alcohol and can shed light on human drug tolerance, withdrawal and addiction.Item Mining memory: contention and social memory in a Oaxacan territorial defense struggle(2014-05) Macias, Anthony William; Hale, Charles R., 1957-Faced with the profound social and ecological threats posed by extractivist projects such as large hydroelectric dams, wind farms, and mining operations, many indigenous communities and their allies in Mexico have articulated new forms of contentious politics into a broad territorial defense movement. This project explores the strategies of contention practiced by an anti-mining movement based in the Municipality of San José del Progreso in the southern state of Oaxaca. As a deeply-divided community that has suffered increased violence and conflict directly related to a Canadian-owned gold and silver mine operating in its vicinity, it presents a valuable case study in how strong social movements can still develop under conditions of disunity. This study combines ethnographic and archival research methods to uncover the deep historical roots of community division, and to develop a close analysis of the contentious strategies employed by the anti-mining movement. The historical record and local narratives show the central role that hacienda colonialism played in creating a salient geography of ethnic discrimination and division in the municipality whose effects can still be seen today. In response to the ongoing processes of colonization and dispossession in San José del Progreso, a legacy of contention has defined and defended both campesino (peasant farmer) and indigenous claims to local territory. More than a series of instrumental strategies designed to expel the hacienda and later mine project, this politics of contention operates as a form of social memory to produce a hybrid form of indigenous/campesino identity linked to healthy land stewardship, an interconnectedness between the earth and human subjects, and a shared history of struggle. As a result, the anti-mining movement in San José del Progreso has shown success in converting its troubled past and checkered present into the foundations of a healthy social and ecological commons, independent of its failure to fully-unite the municipality or close down the mine project in the short-run.Item Narratives of home: home-making practices and political violence in a Kurdish border town in Turkey(2011-05) Ozcan, Omer, M.A.; Ali, Kamran Asdar, 1961-; Stewart, Kathleen CThis essay analyzes a series of home narratives I gathered in Yüksekova (Gever in Kurdish) district of Hakkari (Colemêrg), a small Kurdish town located on the Iraqi-Turkish border. This essay presents and discusses the ways in which people have been struggling to create, maintain, and talk about their homes during and after a series of violent moments that have marked the local time-space of Yüksekova over the last century. Drawing an ethnographic picture of survival and home-making practices, I will trace the changing semantics of home and the social/spatial relationships and cultural imaginaries associated with it. To this end, I will focus on home-making in three violent moments in the cultural and political history of the town that are most emphasized in the narratives I gathered: 1) The massacre and deportation of Armenian and other non-Muslim peoples of Hakkari in 1915 that turned the region into a home only for Muslim Kurds 2) the destruction of homes as rural Kurds of Hakkari were displaced as a part of the recent counterinsurgency warfare against Kurdish guerillas; and 3) the struggles of people to make homes in Yüksekova. Informed by a body of literature on space that defines space meaningfully only in and through social relations, this paper aims to take an ethnographic look at home as a space that is situated in human agency and practices and which is open to change as it is shaped and reshaped as part of the dynamism of social, political and daily life.Item Negotiating divisions : a history of inequality In Monterey County, CA(2012-12) Lopez, Gabriella Michelle; Menchaca, Martha; Wade, MariaMonterey County is one of the most economically productive regions in California. With its geographical range enclosing prime environmental conditions for agriculture production, pine forests lining the Pacific shore, and the Monterey Bay, people have flocked to the region in search of opportunity. Since the Spanish colonial period to the present, the region has been home to a variety of immigrants and migrants from around the world; thus, social and cultural interactions between residents have shaped the political, economic, and social conditions of the communities in Monterey County throughout history. Furthermore, with the influx of Europeans and Anglo Americans in the early nineteenth century, colonial hegemonies, racial politics, and cultural ideologies influenced the ways by which dominant groups gained power and attempted to control the distribution of social resources throughout Monterey County. As a result, a long record of racial discrimination, marginalization, resistance, and community shifts are prominent throughout the community histories of the region. Today, cultural ideologies and racial hierarchies continue to permeate social relations in the region and influence the socioeconomic differences between the minority-dominated communities and the Anglo dominated communities in Monterey County. Latinos are currently the largest group of the region, making up 55.4 percent of the population while Anglos make up the next largest group at 32.9 percent of the population. The social divisions between Anglos and minorities shape the ongoing struggle for equality in a variety of spheres of community life in the region. The goal of this project is to contribute to the social history of racial and ethnic relations throughout Monterey County in California. Moreover, I hope to create a foundation for future ethnographic field-work concerning current race and ethnic relations and the construction of cultural ideologies in Monterey County. This historical analysis begins with the Spanish colonization of California in the late eighteenth century and continues into the late twentieth century; however, I focus on exploring the racial and ethnic discrimination that was launched after the Spanish conquest and later, augmented by the United States government after the conquest of California in 1848, and continued to increase as war, political ties, and civil rights movements affected the Monterey County communities (Chavez 2007). My focus on the deeply embedded intersecting processes of discrimination, segregation, and marginalization in Monterey County’s history of ethnic and race relations reveals the heavy impact this long history has had on the social conditions of minorities and ethnic relations in the region today.