Browsing by Subject "Pumping"
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Item Electrohydrodynamic induction and conduction pumping of dielectric liquid film: theoretical and numerical studies(Texas A&M University, 2007-04-25) Al Dini, Salem A. S.Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) pumping of single and two-phase media is attractive for terrestrial and outer space applications since it is non-mechanical, lightweight, and involves no moving parts. In addition to pure pumping purposes, EHD pumps are also used for the enhancement of heat transfer, as an increase in mass transport often translates to an augmentation of the heat transfer. Applications, for example, include two-phase heat exchangers, heat pipes, and capillary pumping loops. In this research, EHD induction pumping of liquid film in annular horizontal and vertical configurations is investigated. A non-dimensional analytical model accounting for electric shear stress existing only at the liquid/vapor interface is developed for attraction and repulsion pumping modes. The effects of all involved parameters including the external load (i.e. pressure gradient) and gravitational force on the nondimensional interfacial velocity are presented. A non-dimensional stability analysis of EHD induction pumping of liquid film in a vertical annular configuration in the presence of external load for repulsion mode is carried out. A general non-dimensional stability criterion is presented. Stability maps are introduced allowing classification of pump operation as stable or unstable based on the input operating parameters. An advanced numerical model accounting for the charges induced throughout the bulk of the fluid due to the temperature gradient for EHD induction pumping of liquid film in a vertical annular configuration is derived. A non-dimensional parametric study including the effects of external load is carried out for different entrance temperature profiles and in the presence of Joule heating. Finally, a non-dimensional theoretical model is developed to investigate and to understand the EHD conduction phenomenon in electrode geometries capable of generating a net flow. It is shown that with minimal drag electrode design, the EHD conduction phenomenon is capable of providing a net flow. The theoretical model is further extended to study the effect of EHD conduction phenomenon for a two-phase flow (i.e. a stratified liquid/ vapor medium). The numerical results presented confirm the concept of liquid film net flow generation with the EHD conduction mechanism.Item The energy-water nexus : energetic analysis of water and wastewater treatment, distribution and collection(2014-12) Kjellsson, Jill Blosk; Webber, Michael E., 1971-The water sector is responsible for a significant portion of energy use. Energy is required for water treatment, water distribution, wastewater collection and wastewater treatment. There is significant benefit to water utilities that can be gained by understanding how much energy, what type of energy, and at what time of day energy is being used. The Austin Water Utility (AWU) is a useful testbed for examining the energy use for each specific step of the process due to the availability of data and the fact that the majority of Texas (both in terms of population and land area) is serviced by a single electric grid. This research examines the type and quantity of energy used by AWU. From an electricity supply perspective, electric utilities work year round to ensure that there is enough electricity in their generation portfolios to meet the high loads that their customers demand, and to assure that the electric distribution grid is capable of providing the transmission requirements of that electricity. System peak demand is the largest amount of electricity consumed by a utility's customers at any given time. Therefore electric utilities, such as Austin Energy, create and market their energy efficiency programs to help reduce this peak and avoid the need to build new generation capacity which can be expensive. Because AWU is one of Austin Energy's largest customers, AWU's ability to shift its energy use from on-peak to mid-peak and off-peak time periods can contribute towards reducing the peak, and can help avoid the need for new generation capacity. This analysis finds that AWU can reduce its electricity demand during peak periods by making use of reservoir capacity, i.e. by filling its reservoirs prior to peak time and draining them during peak periods. This proposed pumping schedule could save AWU up to 29% of its monthly electricity costs under current Austin Energy time-of-use rate (as opposed to flat rate) structures at the specific pump station analyzed as part of this research. Together, state-wide water utilities provide even more opportunities for the interconnected Electric Reliability Council of Texas' (ERCOTs) grid that are also evaluated in this research.