Browsing by Subject "Perception"
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Item A comparison of the performance and perceptions of students receiving live versus web-based horticultural instruction(Texas Tech University, 2003-12) Teolis, IginoThe primary purpose of this dissertation was to examine whether the level of student learning in horticulture was equivalent in both web-based and traditional live instruction and to compare perceptions of students towards different modes of instruction. The research also investigated whether performance and perception were related to students' learning styles and other characteristics. The study in Chapter II addressed whether student performance and perceptions differed between the web-based and traditional versions of an introductory horticulture course. The increase in quiz scores from pre- to post-course surveys suggested that students receiving traditional instruction acquired more knowledge than did web-based students. Traditional course students felt that their course was more of an adequate learning experience than did web-based students. Web-based students' preference for instructional mode changed from web-based to traditional during the semester. Preferences towards reflective, factual, verbal and linear learning styles were positively correlated with final grades in the traditional course. Pre-course quiz score, GPA, age, and distance living from campus were correlated with final grades in both instructional modes. The study in Chapter III investigated whether students were able to identify plants after studying the plants online just as well as after studying them traditionally at the greenhouse. Students in the traditional group had greater total quiz scores than web-based students. Students were able to identify plants from photos just as well as from live plant specimens. In Chapter IV, the experiment addressed whether student comprehension was different among three methods of delivery after receiving a lesson on a topic that was either predominantly text-based (photosynthesis) or object-based (plant identification). The three delivery methods were: (1) independent learning using a text handout, (2) traditional learning involving a summary lecture and a text handout, and (3) independent web-based learning with the lesson on the computer. There were no differences in student performance (where multiple choice tests and concept mapping tests were treated as a within-subjects factor) among the three delivery methods and no interaction between topic and delivery method. Participants generally had greater scores on the multiple choice tests than on the concept mapping tests where they had difficulty recalling the concepts they learned. The study in Chapter V addressed whether student performance and perceptions were equivalent between disabled and non-disabled students receiving traditional or web-based horticultural instruction. Non-disabled students had greater final grades, expressed less frustration and found the course more acceptable than did their non-disabled counterparts in both modes of instruction. Non-disabled learners preferred factual and linear learning styles to a greater extent than did the disabled students within both modes of instruction. The higher grades and lower frustration levels of non-disabled students may be due to the instruction being more suited to their learning styles than those of disabled students, regardless of the instructional mode.Item A Fourteenth Way: Poems(Texas Tech University, 2003-05) Knickerbocker, Carl Raymond"So what is left when life is stripped / Of metaphysic terms" to write about? To be inspired by? When the ordering principles of nature and morality are viewed as subjective human projections, and when the landscape consists of suburb, production housing, what remains? Either a person says and writes nothing in the absence of inspiration, or one must take the initiative to transform the situation through language and attention until it becomes inspiring. When beauty is not an intrinsic quality but a human construct, the poet is free to determine beauty and artistic subject matter. At the same time, there is an opportunity to enter into dialogue with contemporary and historical poets to learn from and modify their existing works. Through listening to and adjusting a multitude of voices, one develops a distinct and individual voice and perspective.Item A study of the characteristics of natural light in selected buildings designed by Le Corbusier, Louis I. Kahn and Tadao Ando(2009-06-02) Gill, Sukhtej SinghThe thesis discusses the characteristics of natural light that are visible inside concrete buildings designed in the late twentieth century. The study addresses three major objectives. First is to identify the characteristics of natural light visible inside these spaces. Second is to understand the use of natural light to illuminate different spaces. Third is to explore the relation between the characteristics of natural light and the overall perception of the space. With these objectives in mind, a comprehensive literature review was done to develop the hypotheses for this thesis. The first hypothesis states that the overall perception of a space is affected by certain basic characteristics of natural light. The second hypothesis suggests that the overall character of a space can be enhanced by emphasizing the source of natural light as a visual element. To test these hypotheses, this thesis studies the effect of natural light in three buildings made out of reinforced concrete in the late twentieth century. The three buildings are the Chapel of Notre Dame du Haut Ronchamp by Le Corbusier, the Kimbell Art Museum by Louis I. Kahn and the Church of the Light by Tadao Ando. The method of analysis is based on the selection of a spatial envelope in each building that helps to provide an ideal framework for studying the effects of light. The method takes into consideration the principles of visual perception and the use of images depicting the varied effects of light inside the spatial envelope. The results of the analysis show that the three projects employ similar design principles to achieve some of the common effects of light, and the listed characteristics of light in relation to the overall perception of the space do not vary to a great extent when moving from one project to another. The emphasis on the source of natural light is a common and recurring theme in all three buildings. The thesis concludes that the results support the hypotheses, and that the quality of a space is dependent upon the way a designer brings natural light into the space.Item Benchmarking Current Perceptions of General Contractors of Return on Investment on Affordable Rehabilitation Housing Projects: A Case Study in the State of Texas(2014-05-05) Diaz-Puentes, Pedro AugustoThis exploratory case study investigates the perception of general contractors of affordable rehabilitation housing projects in the state of Texas. This study was carried out in collaboration with a corporation that is working on affordable rehabilitation housing in the state of Texas. For the purpose of maintaining anonymity, this organization is referred to as ?Corporation X?. To evaluate the perceptions of the general contractors involved in affordable rehabilitation housing with Corporation X, face-to-face or Skype interviews were carried out. The results showed positive aspects, as well as attributes to be improved, from the general contractors? perspective. Although the contractors do not expect a sizable return on investment, their morale is high due to the satisfaction they feel knowing they are helping underprivileged communities. The cost constraint compounded by the poor existing condition of the houses challenge the ability of general contractors to attain quality standards. However, the general contractors claim they maintain work with high standards of safety and so have not experienced accidents on these sites.Item Breaking Outside the Walls: Teachers of Gifted and Talented African American Males in a Texas Urban Middle School(2013-08-07) Henderson, Sowanda NimmerEducation and its associated resources continue to be unequally administered and delivered in the United States. All stakeholders in the education of the nation?s children?parents, teachers, unions, school administrators, principals, community members and students, should be concerned with the inequities which abound in the country?s education system African American male cohorts are particularly vulnerable in the US population as they face a series of challenges that continue to threaten their achievement, including those students who are academically gifted. The purpose of this study was to examine and interpret the philosophy, ideology, and educational practices of five teachers of African American males in gifted and talented programs in an urban secondary school. The following research questions guided the study: (a) How do teachers describe factors that promote achievement with African American males in Gifted and Talented Programs? (b) How do the life experiences of teachers influence their advocacy for African American males in Gifted and Talented Programs? (c) How do Gifted and Talented teachers of African American males participate in and influence identification and referrals of African American males in Gifted and Talented Programs? The naturalistic paradigm of inquiry guided the study to collect and analyze data. The participant sample consisted of five teachers of African American males in gifted and talented programs in an urban secondary school. In addition to a detailed review of the literature related to this population, data came from in-depth interviews and classroom observations. Data from the audio recorded and transcribed (verbatim) were analyzed using a thematic analysis. Some of the major findings reveal that the educational demographic landscape in the US and in Texas in particular highlights an underrepresentation of African Americans, and especially African American males in gifted and talented education. The themes that emerged from the study reveal that valuable insight can be gained from teachers of this cohort which can inform educational practice and policy. The teachers reported to be working hard for the success of all students and not just those from minoritized backgrounds. Nonetheless, all five teachers were committed to believing that all of their students had the potential to be successful, albeit some with more challenges than others. Their experiences and backgrounds frame their ideologies and in turn the way in which they teach and interact with these learners. It is important to note that despite these differences and diversity in their racial/ethnic backgrounds, each teacher reflects deep commitment and passion for these learners. The overall goal reported by the participants is to encourage creative problem solving, to develop content mastery, to serve as a role model for their students, regardless of racial or ethnic background. Ultimately, they believe that these are the keys to the success of all students, and particularly for African American male gifted and talented middle school students.Item Computer classroom wall color preference and personality type of college students(Texas Tech University, 2003-08) Wang, HongWith the advent of the digita! era, computers are commonly used in teaching and leaming systems. The computer classroom is widely used in colleges and high schools in the United States. In order to create a more comfortable and effective teaching and studying environment, the most desirable wall colors for a computer classroom were identified in this study. Also, interior design students' classifications, and personality types were tested to determine if these factors have impact on their wall color preference. Two instmments were used: the Wall Color Preference Test, and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. The population for this study were 145 undergraduate students majoring in interior design at a university located in the southwestem United States. Students were asked to voluntarily participate in the Wall Color Preference Test. For this test, students ranked 15 slides displayed on a screen that depicted the same computer classroom and under the same lighting condition (8 parabolic fluorescent lighting fixtures) but with 15 different wall colors. The students also completed the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Personality type was examined in regards to its influence on preference for interior color applications. A pilot study using the same methodology was conducted prior to the population test in order to identify any problem with the questionnaire and with the procedure selected to coUect data. Data from the study were analyzed by using one-way repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA), Boferroni HSD post hoc test, and bivariate correlation analysis to detemiine overall preference and to reveal relationships between students' personality types, classifications and knowledge background have on their preference for wall colors of computer classrooms. The results determined that the interior design students do have color preference for the 15 images. The results also revealed that students' classifications, knowledge background had impact on colors used in image2, 6, and 12, but not on others. Results also found that students' personality types had no impact on their wall color preference for a computer classroom. This study suggested cool colors in the Master Palette Color System are more desirable colors for walls of a computer classroom.Item Consumers' perception of the ethics and acceptability of product placement in movies : African Americans and Anglo Americans(2008-12) Johnson, Glynnis Michelle; Cunningham, Isabella C. M.The goal of the study was to explore African Americans’ perceptions and acceptance of products used for placement in movies and to compare their perceptions to those of Anglo Americans. A mix between and repeated measures ANOVA was run to test four hypotheses dealing with race, gender and product differences. A factor analysis was run on the 30 attitudinal measures. A content analysis was done on the comments obtained from the open-ended question. Cross-tabulations were run on product and media consumption data. The results indicated that there are differences in the perceptions and acceptance of products used for placement in movies across ethnic and cultural groups in the U.S., specifically African American and Anglo Americans. Not only were African Americans less likely to accept ethically charged products for product placement in movies than Anglo Americans, their product acceptance ratings, in general, were lower than those of Anglo Americans. In fact, African American males rated all of the products lower than African American females and Anglo American males and females. The implications are that product, race, gender, frequency of movie watching and attitudinal differences should be considered when the product placement strategy is used. Advertisers and marketers should use caution when using the product placement strategy to target the African American market and when selecting the types of products to be used for placement.Item Cross-cultural investigation of children’s awareness and perception of stuttering(2009-08) Gamez, Maya Inez; Byrd, Courtney; Hampton, ElizabethStuttering is a universal phenomenon that has been identified in ethnic and cultural groups around the world. While it has been suggested that attitudes toward stuttering are different for various cultural groups, knowledge of, and attitudes toward stuttering have not been studied extensively across cultures. The purpose of the present study was twofold: (1) to investigate the awareness and perception of stuttering for American children age 3 to 7 from diverse cultures, and (2) to compare those to findings of awareness and perception of stuttering for children from Israel and America. Sixteen children in four different age groups were asked to complete three different types of experimental tasks after watching a video of fluent and disfluent identical seal puppets. The participant’s awareness of disfluency was assessed through discrimination between fluent and disfluent speech and identification of the puppet who spoke like them. Perception was addressed through labeling and evaluation of fluent and disfluent speech. Results revealed that at as young as age 3 some children began to demonstrate accurate awareness of disfluent speech. However, the highest level of accuracy was not demonstrated in the majority of participants until age 7. In addition, results further revealed across all age groups that children were more accurate when discriminating between fluent and disfluent speech than identifying it. Similarities and differences between previous studies that have used the same experimental stimuli (i.e., Ambrose & Yairi, 1994; Ezrati-Vinacour et al., 2001) are discussed. The lack of diverse cultural participants and its resulting effects on the present study’s recruitment methodologies are also discussed.Item Decision-making in the primate brain : formation, location, and causal manipulation(2016-05) Katz, Leor Nadav; Huk, Alexander C.; Aldrich, Richard; Cormack, Lawrence K; Hayhoe, Mary; Priebe, Nicholas; Seidmann, EyalInteraction within the environment relies on the ability to accumulate sensory evidence in favor of a decision. Despite the paramount importance of decision-making to survival, the neural instantiations and computational principles governing the process have remained elusive. In this thesis I consider how sensory evidence is accumulated to guide decisions, and where in the primate brain this process takes place. I report the results of three main experiments. In the first, I test whether sensory evidence is accumulated differentially for motion in the frontoparallel plane (i.e. 2D motion; left/right) compared to motion through depth (i.e. 3D motion; towards/away). I show that integration of 3D motion is different than 2D and likely relies on a mechanism that is distinct. In the second experiment, I test an influential theory in cognitive neuroscience: that neurons in the monkey lateral intraparietal (LIP) cortex accumulate sensory information in favor of a decision communicated by an eye-movement. I found that despite strong correlations between LIP responses and decisions, reversible inactivation of neurons in LIP had no measurable impact on decision-making performance. More generally, I show that decision-related activity does not necessarily play a causal role in choices. In the final experiment, I test whether the process of making a decision stands to influence functions that are decision irrelevant. I found that causally manipulating the amount of sensory evidence available to human observers influenced decision-irrelevant oculomotor commands, suggesting that even during non- oculomotor decisions, oculomotor regions of the brain are recruited. Taken together, the experimental findings reported motivate new ideas about evidence accumulation and advance our understanding of the decision-making process in the primate brain.Item Evaluating the effectiveness of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Hueco Tanks historic site orientation/conservation video(Texas Tech University, 2003-12) Segrest, David HermanNot availableItem An experimental approach to phonetic transfer in the production and perception of early Spanish-Catalan bilinguals(2013-05) Amengual Watson, Marcos; Toribio, Almeida Jacqueline, 1963-; Bullock, Barbara E.This dissertation examines the production, perception and processing of the Catalan-specific mid-vowel categories (/e/-/[open-mid front unrounded vowel]/ and /o/-/[open-mid back rounded vowel]/) by early Spanish-Catalan bilinguals in Majorca (Spain). The analyses focus on the lexical as well as the segmental levels to analyze cognate effects in the production and lexical representations of these early bilinguals, and they explore how their production and perception abilities are related. This study provides evidence that early and highly proficient Spanish-Catalan bilinguals in Majorca maintain two independent phonetic categories in the Catalan mid-vowel space. The first significant finding is that production patterns in Majorca differ from those previously reported in Barcelona, as the Catalan mid-vowel contrasts are not merging into a single Spanish-like mid-vowel for either Catalan-dominants or Spanish-dominants. Additionally, these bilinguals are not 'deaf' to the Catalan-specific mid-vowel contrasts: both language dominance groups perceive the contrast between the Catalan mid-vowel categories despite the overlap with one phonetic category in Spanish. Even though Spanish-dominant bilinguals as a whole are indistinguishable from Catalan-dominant bilinguals in the perception and production tasks, they are found to have a higher error rate in the lexical decision task. The comparison of the acoustic properties of the target vowels in Catalan cognate and non-cognate experimental items reveals that the production of the mid-vowels is affected by cognate status, and that these cognate effects are also found in the word recognition of aurally presented stimuli. Finally, bilinguals who produced the mid-vowels with a smaller Euclidean distance are more likely than bilinguals who maintain a more robust contrast in their productions to have a higher error rate in the AXB discrimination and lexical decision tasks. The present study contributes to the discussion regarding the organization of early bilinguals' dominant and non-dominant phonetic systems, and implications are considered for cross-linguistic models of bilingual speech production and perception. It is proposed that the exemplar model of lexical representation (Bybee, 2001; Pierrehumbert, 2001) can be extended to include bilingual lexical connections that can account for the interactions between the phonetic and lexical levels of early bilingual individuals.Item Exploring Secondary Agriscience Teachers' and Students' Use, Attitude Toward, Knowledge and Perceptions of Computers and Technology Tools(2012-07-16) Miller, Kimberley AnnComputers are an ever changing facet of everyday life; almost all businesses, including schools, are dependent on technology, from research to information delivery. With the rapid advances in computer technology made every year combined with the increasing availability of computers to students, it is important to continually investigate how secondary agriscience teachers' and students' use and view computer technology, both personally and educationally, in order to effectively utilize this advancing educational tool for the benefit of both groups. The purpose of this study was to describe agriscience teachers' and students use, attitude toward, knowledge and perceptions of computers and technology tools in order to better understand how secondary agriscience teachers use computers in their instruction and how agriscience students use computers for school and social purposes. This study explored both teacher and student opinions about school assignments that require computer use and how often both groups utilize the computer for work and entertainment.Item Facial Expression as a Means of Communication(Texas Tech University, 1973-08) Chapman, Gloria JeanNot Available.Item Home Experience Perceptions of Homemaking I Students, Their Teachers, and Their Parents(Texas Tech University, 1982-08) Wilkie, Cathy LarueNot Available.Item How perceptions impact real estate decisions : an analysis of residential demand in Austin, Texas(2015-12) Fulmer, Kristen Alyse; Atkinson, Simon, Ph. D.; Wegmann, JacobThis thesis examines how social media trends create perceptions, which influence real estate decision-making within the Millennial generation, ultimately affecting their long-term investment and longevity in the city of Austin, Texas. To investigate the residential real estate market in Austin, specifically within the Millennial generation, I discuss decision factors with the residents and developers, known as stakeholders. By completing a mixed-methods analysis, I determine how Internet-based tendencies affect perceptions and economic realities of specific neighborhoods or the city, thereby affecting the residential real estate market as a whole. Approaching this research as a post-positivist, I hypothesize that the Millennial cohort is currently creating short-term demand for residential development with no long-term intentions of staying in the city. By discovering this future instability of sectors within the Millennial generation, especially in newcomers to the city, I question Austin’s plans, which seem to lack amenities to provide for this cohort’s residential longevity.Item Influence of observation of true stuttering and self-disclosure on college professors' perception of students who stutter(2015-05) Reese, Daniel Martin; Byrd, Courtney T.; Hampton, ElizabethResearch has demonstrated that college professors rate hypothetical students who stutter more negatively than college students who do not stutter. To date, no studies have explored perceptions when observing actual students who stutter. Furthermore, self-disclosure has been proven to influence listener perception. The primary purpose of the present study is to investigate the role self-disclosure has on the perception of college professors.Item The intellectual given(2010-05) Bengson, John Thomas Steele; Sosa, David, 1966-; Bealer, George; Dancy, Jonathan; Pautz, Adam; Sainsbury, Mark; Tye, MichaelSome things we know just by thinking about them: for example, that identity is transitive, that three are more than two, that wantonly torturing innocents is wrong, and other propositions which simply strike us as true when we consider them. But how? This essay articulates and defends a rationalist answer which critically develops a significant analogy between intuition and perception. The central thesis is that intuition and perception, though different, are at a certain level of abstraction the same kind of state, and states of this kind are, by their very nature, poised to play a distinctive epistemic role. Specifically, in the case of intuition, we encounter an intellectual state that is so structured as to provide justified and even knowledgeable belief without requiring justification in turn—something which may, thus, be thought of as given. The essay proceeds in three stages. Stage one advances a fully general and psychologically realistic account of the nature of intuition, namely, as an intellectual presentation of an apparent truth. Stage two provides a modest treatment of the epistemic status of intuition, in particular, how intuition serves as a source of immediate prima facie justification. Stage three outlines a response to Benacerraf-style worries about intuitive knowledge regarding abstract objects (e.g., numbers, sets, and values); the proposal is a constitutive, rather than causal, explanation of the means by which a given intuition connects a thinker to the fact intuited.Item Investigating environmental factors that contribute to disparities in utilization across different sections of a 10-mile urban trail(2014-05) Mount, Sarah Elizabeth; Bartholomew, John B.The purpose of this study was to identify barriers that contribute to a disparity in utilization across different segments of an urban trail. To achieve this aim, subjective ratings of trail characteristics for high-use areas (western sections of the trail) were compared to subjective ratings of lower-use areas (eastern sections of the trail). These ratings were compared between those who reported primarily traveling the western, high-use sections vs. those who primarily travel the eastern, low-use sections. Data were collected through self-report and a cross-sectional analysis based on sections of primary use. Ratings for each trail characteristic from an online survey were compared for different trail segments as a function of these groups. Comparisons were conducted through ANOVA and showed that perceptions of trail characteristics varied strongly as a function of which sections of the trail were used most by the respondents. Users of the high-traffic, western sections held significantly more negative views of the eastern sections. In contrast, users of the low-traffic, eastern sections held similar views of the eastern and western sections. Objective measurements of trail characteristics were conducted on all six segments of trail to compare to user perceptions. A trail count and researcher evaluation/audit of all trail characteristics provided data for comparison. A descriptive analysis of the differences between trail user perceptions and objective measures was reported. The trail count and survey results showed similar patterns of usage. The western sections exhibited the highest number of trail users representing 80% of the people on the trail. The central sections contained 14% and the eastern sections 6%. Mode of travel observed was 94% walking or running and 6% cycling. In addition, these numbers are similar to those of the earlier, pilot study (TEMBA, 2011). Given the similarities between the online survey, and both the objective trail count for usage and the earlier TEMBA study, it is hoped that the online sample is representative of the population of regular trail users. A comparison of subjective and objective ratings revealed different patterns of agreement depending on east vs. west group membership. Overall, west users are misinformed about crime and amenities on the east side but are in general agreement on other characteristics. This suggests that their concerns about trail continuity, directional clarity, and loop options may be warranted. Overall, east users showed general agreement with objective measures on the west side except for exposure to traffic, which they rated more poorly than objective measures.Item Investigating perceptions concerning the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) among college students(2011-05) Kim, Hyun-Pyo; Moh, Young-Kyu; Yuan, Jingxue; Silva, Dakshina G. d.As capital markets become increasingly global, many investors have a great interest in international investment opportunities. Also, many countries use dissimilar standards when they create financial statements for their stakeholders. In the United States, the SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) has long expressed its support for a single set of high-quality global accounting standards as an important means of enhancing comparability and unification. IFRS as a single set of global accounting standards has the potential to best provide the common platform on which companies can report, and stakeholders can compare, corporate financial information. The goal with IFRS is to make international comparisons as easy as possible. Although the standards have a critical impact on capital markets, students and investors know very little about this standard. Therefore, by investigating the perception of the IFRS among college students, this study could determine the status of preparation for the standards and help colleges and universities with decisions regarding offering classes about these standards. The primary objective of this study is to investigate perceptions and knowledge concerning the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) among college students. The findings are as follows; first, I found there was a difference in knowledge about IFRS between male and female respondents. While it is difficult to generalize these results to all college or university student populations, universities or colleges should consider evaluating students to determine their level of knowledge about IFRS and then have provisions in place for extra classes or assignments in order to raise the extent of knowledge of IFRS for any group of students (male and female) who show deficiencies in basic knowledge of these standards. Second, there were no differences in knowledge about IFRS for each age group and each school year among respondents. Third, I found a difference in knowledge about IFRS between students majoring in business and students who were non-business majors. This implies that in this population of respondents business major students are taking more classes about financial events such as the adoption of IFRS in U.S. than are non-business major students. Therefore, business major students have more knowledge of IFRS than do non-business major students. Fourth, I found a correlation between the perception about evaluating the positive effect of IFRS on capital markets and the intention to take classes about IFRS. This means that students who believe there will be a positive effect on capital markets by the adoption of IFRS will take classes concerning IFRS. Also, these students will take more class in order to analyze their perceptions about the IFRS. Finally, the results predicted that students who showed a great interest in IFRS are more likely to take these courses if colleges or universities offer classes. These results mean that interest is a very critical determinant for taking classes concerning IFRS among college students. The more students have an interest about IFRS, the more they will take classes. There are also similar results shown in the additional analyses section pertaining to business major respondents.Item Judgments of absolute time-to-contact in multiple object displays: evaluating the role of cognitive processes in arrival-time judgements(Texas Tech University, 1997-12) Novak, Jennifer Linda BlumeTime-to-contact (TTC) is the time it takes for a moving object to contact a designated point. Recent studies suggest that task variables determine whether cognitive processes influence TTC judgments and that such processes may contribute to TTC estimation in prediction motion (PM) tasks. In PM tasks, an object moves toward a point and disappears; observers judge when they think the object would have reached the point assuming constant velocity. Prior research indicates that estimation errors increase as TTC increases which may reflect a deterioration in cognitive processes such as memory. To evaluate the potential role of cognitive processes in PM tasks, this study included multiple objects. Computer simulations of one, three, or six objects (set-size) moved laterally and disappeared before contacting a finish line. A post-cue appeared immediately, 1.5 or 3 s, after the objects disappeared (post-cue delay) and indicated the target object Participants responded when they thought the target would have contacted the finish line. Performance was hypothesized to degrade as cognitive load increased (operationally defined by increases in set-size and post-cue delay). Accuracy decreased as set-size increased for the smaller of two actual TTCs in each experiment (I but not 3 s in Experiment 1; 4 but not 6 s in Experiments 2 and 3). Thus, performance consistent with limited cognitive processing was evident when estimating certain TTC values. Additionally, when both set-size and post-cue delay were varied (Experiment 2), accuracy decreased as set-size and post-cue delay increased regardless of TTC, consistent with limited cognitive processes. Furthermore, conditions that produced decreases in accuracy also resulted in an increase in TTC estimation. The latter can be regarded as an increase in response time which is consistent with limits in cognitive processing. In conclusion, this study provides some evidence that limits in cognitive processing affect performance in PM tasks. The effect of post-cue delay could reflect limits in maintenance of an internal representation or memory. However, further study is needed to determine the exact nature of cognitive processes that are potentially used in PM tasks. Results have implications for models of perceived collision and application to transportation safety.
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