Browsing by Subject "Judgment"
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Item Bridging the gap between psychological and neural models of judgment : applying a dual-process framework to neural systems of social and emotional judgment(2012-05) Bhanji, Jamil Palacios; Beer, Jennifer S., 1974-; Maddox, W T.; Henderson, Marlone D.; Gershoff, Andrew D.; Schnyer, David M.Psychological models of judgment and decision-making that focus on dual processes distinguish between two modes of judgment. One mode of judgment uses incomplete, probabilistic associations that lead to good-enough judgments for most situations. A second mode of judgment uses more complete information and applies deterministic decision rules to reason through a decision. The two modes operate in parallel but they can also interact and may be viewed as ends of a continuum. Although some psychology researchers have hypothesized that the two modes of information processing are carried out by distinct neural systems, neural research has not fully tested the distinctions that psychological research has drawn between the two modes. Three studies aim to address the gap between psychological and neural models of judgment and decision-making. Study 1 addresses the lack of neural research comparing judgments based on probabilistic information (characteristic of the first mode of judgment in dual-process models) with judgments based on deterministic rules (characteristic of the second mode of judgment in dual-process models). Specifically, Study 1 compares basic probabilistic judgments and deterministic rule-based judgments to identify neural regions that are preferentially associated with one mode of judgment. Study 2 moves toward a more ecologically valid investigation of neural systems associated with judgments based on probabilistic associations. That is, Study 2 examines a probabilistic cue that is used in real-world judgments: affect. Study 3 examines neural regions associated with the interaction of the two modes of judgment in the underexplored domain of social evaluation. Modes of judgment may interact when the second mode of judgment uses new information to adjust a judgment previously driven by the first mode of judgment, as when a hiring manager uses information about a job candidate to adjust a first impression initially based on appearance. Study 3 examines the neural systems involved when people use newly available information to adjust a previously made affectively-driven judgment. Findings in the three studies contribute to scientific understanding of how neural regions support judgment, but do not definitively identify separable neural systems for dual-process modes of judgment.Item Repression and response styles: judgemental phenomena in personality assessment(Texas Tech University, 1970-12) Hays, Larry WendellNot availableItem Source vs. Stance? On the Interpretation and Use of Evidential Utterances by Turkish- vs. English-Speaking Adults(2014-05-01) Tosun, SumeyraThis research empirically examined the relationship between evidentiality and modality in sentence interpretation by Turkish vs. English speakers and the influence of different forms of evidential marking on the establishment of discourse coherence. Evidentiality, a property, commonly refers to the linguistic marking (in the grammar or the lexicon) of source of knowledge about an asserted event. What is unclear is whether this property also conveys epistemic value (or stance information). This research examined this issue by speakers of Turkish (in which evidentiality is marked in the grammar) and English (in which evidentiality is marked in the lexicon). In Experiment 1 participants were presented with identical sentences differing only in whether evidential or modal markers were inserted. For each sentence they were asked to make judgments about the source of evidence and about their relative confidence about whether the asserted event had actually occurred. The results demonstrated that both Turkish and English speakers found that there was enough information to judge the source and degree of certainty of various evidential and modal expressions. The results support the view that there is a close relationship between evidentiality and modality. Further, it was found that the linguistic level of evidentiality indication affected the source and epistemic value interpretations. Evidential expressions were interpreted in more varied ways by Turkish speakers, while modal expressions were interpreted in more varied ways by English speakers. The second experiment used a discourse completion task in which participants read two sentences containing different evidential expressions that resulted in somewhat contradictory information. Participants were asked to supply a third sentence that would make sense of the first two. Along with the evidentiality manipulation, two other variables were manipulated: whether the evidential information was presented first or second and whether the asserted facts were general or particular. The results suggested that evidentiality marking affected speakers? sense-making process but was not the only factor influencing their response, since presentation order and the type of information (general vs. particular) also mattered. Interestingly, Turkish speakers appeared to place more emphasis on the nature of the fact in arriving at their response, whereas English speakers were more influenced by the order of presentation of the information. Taken together, the findings suggest that evidentiality conveys epistemic value of the reported event along with source of knowledge. Further, evidentiality ? in interaction with contextual factors -- influences speakers? attempts at establishing discourse coherence.Item The effects of retinal eccentricity on judgments about collisions(Texas Tech University, 2001-08) Meyer, Les EdwardTo maneuver through the world safely, people must make judgments about collisions. Previous research has suggested that such judgments can be consistent with the use of veridical information available in the optic flow(e.g., tau, Lee, 1974, 1980; Schiff & Detwiler, 1979). However, it also has been suggested that judgments about collisions can be influenced by factors other than such veridical information, such as pictorial depth cues (DeLucia, 1991), the number of stimuli involved in the judgment (DeLucia & Novak, 1997), and task parameters (Tresilian, 1995). Furthermore, research also has suggested that sensitivity to information provided by the optic flow may vary with retinal eccentricity in judgments of heading. The proposed research examined whether judgments about collisions can be affected by retinal eccentricity. Results suggest that sensitivity to visual information in judgments about collisions is not retinally invariant. Such results have important implications for models of perceived collision and implications for human factors design.Item The role of race/ethnicity in clinical judgment in couples and family therapy(Texas Tech University, 2008-12) Powell, Felicia Y. R.; Ivey, David C.This research examined how training and experience, family roles, gender and ethnicity affect ratings of family and individual functioning. Untrained undergraduates and American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT) members’ ratings of case histories that described various ethnic families were compared as a measure of client ethnicity effects. Participant perceptions of case vignettes were compared to determine the relative influence of family race on the clinical judgment of family and individual family member functioning. Three hundred fifty five (126 untrained, 229 experienced) adults from a large Southwestern University and American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy participated in the research. Participants were randomly assigned to the three interview conditions: (a) Caucasian family, (b) Asian family, and (c) Hispanic family. After reading the case vignettes, participants completed parent and family assessment forms for each of the three family vignettes.