Browsing by Subject "Individualism"
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Item Examining the influence of social media advertising on advertising avoidance and attitude toward sports brand : how collectivism and individualism affect perceptions of online SNS advertising and how such advertising eases advertising avoidance(2014-05) Kim, Sujin, M.A.; Atkinson, Lucinda; Mackert, MichaelThe ubiquity of online advertisements has become a serious nuisance for many Internet users. When online, consumers are often goal- and interactivity-oriented. Previous studies have suggested that customers think online ads are more intrusive and negative than ads in other media. This exploratory study is designed to provide insight into why people avoid SNS advertising and how the sports industry utilizes such advertising. Through in-depth interviews and an online survey, this research examines the factors that affect advertising avoidance levels. Based on collectivism-individualism theory, this study analyzes the impact of these factors in the U.S. and compares it with that found in South Korea. The study examines three latent variables of online ad avoidance and attitude toward brand--value, self-concept clarity, and impulsive buying tendency. This research found that these constructs are able to explain why people avoid advertising on social networking sites (SNS) and what the differences are between colleges students in the U.S. and their South Korean counterparts.Item Metamorphosis and the emergence of the feminine: a motif of "Difference" in recent feminist quest fiction(Texas Tech University, 1997-05) Allen, Paula J. SmithThe feminine quest has lately been identified and defined to some extent by feminist scholars who have attempted to differentiate its elements from those of the quest of the masculine hero. This differentiation suggests that there is a tme archetype of the questing hero(ine) that lurks behind the mythological figures previously identified in literature by stmcturalist scholars. The tme archetype would be one that would be equally relevant to both the male and female quest, neither a hero nor a heroine, but a figure in which the two are indistinguishable. It is tme that such a figure cannot exist as long as culture so strongly identifies the nature of a human being with his sexual identification. Because roles are assigned by gender, the imagery of the male and female quests differ from one another. The part of each individual, a self, that is neither male nor female is, therefore, not acknowledged. The implication of the differentiafion in roles in the images that represent archetypes is that the casting of the "type" is informed by a culture that fails to define a part of itself The stories examined in this volume are attempts by their authors to create an image of this part of themselves that culture has suppressed. Because language is the clay that culture uses to create its forms, these stories are invariably reflexive. These authors borrow images and patterns familiar to westem culture and re-invest them with meaning pertinent to the feminine consciousness. Their stories, then, are a re-creation of the human experience. The quest heroine's return is determined by her ability to remake her world to sustain herself and those like her. It is this retum that is questioned most by feminist writers and critics of this century, and that deliberation is the organizing principle of this study.Item Readiness for self-directed learning and the cultural values of individualism/collectivism among American and South Korean college students seeking teacher certification in agriculture(Texas A&M University, 2006-04-12) Lee, In HeokThe purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between self-directed learning readiness and the cultural values of individualism/collectivism in two sample groups drawn from different cultures. The research design used for this study was descriptive and correlational in nature. The target population for this study consisted of two sample groups: Korean and American college students who seek teacher certification in the field of agriculture. Data were collected using a web-formatted questionnaire. Results were computed statistically, including the means, standard deviations, effect size, independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, bivariate correlations, and multiple regression. Findings indicated that in a hierarchical multiple regression analysis, scores for the Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale (SDLRS) (R2 = .03, adjusted R2 = .01, p = .30) in Step 1 was not statistically significantly related by gender, student classification, and GPA. Gender, student classification, and GPA accounted for only 3% of the variance and the three beta weights for the gender, student classification, and GPA variables were not statistically significantly related to the SDLRS. However, scores for SDLRS (R2= .34, adjusted R2 = .30, ??R2 = .31, p =.00) in Step 2 was statistically significantly related by gender, student classification, GPA, nationality, vertical individualism (VI), horizontal individualism (HI), vertical collectivism(VC), and horizontal collectivism(HC). This model accounted for 34 % of the variance in the SDLRS (R2 change = .31). It appears that nationality, VI, HI, VC, and HC accounted for a further 31% of the variance. However, in Step 1, the gender, student classification, and GPA variables did not account for a significant amount of variance in Step 2. The beta weight for nationality and VI variables were not statistically significantly related to the SDLRS (E = -0.15, t = -1.67, p = .10; E = 0.01, t = 0.10, p = .92, respectively). However, the beta for the HI variable was statistically significant and positive (E = 0.40, t = 4.31, p = .00). The beta for the VC variable also was statistically significant and positive (E = 0.20, t = 2.12, p = .04). The beta for the HC variable also was statistically significant and positive (E = 0.21, t = 2.19, p = .03). These findings indicated that if HI, VC, and HC attitudes are high, the SDLRS scores tend to be high. That is, differences in the students?? SDLRS can be best explained through HI, VC, and HC among the cultural values of individualism/collectivism.Item Self-disclosure and conflict management: a comparison of Chinese and American couples(Texas Tech University, 1997-12) Liang, ShuThis study examined cultural factors individualism and collectivism) and marital dynamics (self-disclosure and conflict management) among Chinese and Americans spouses. One hundred ninety-eight couples (Americans = 54, Chinese residents = 64. Chinese natives = 80) completed a questionnaire packet which assessed individualism, collectivism, self-disclosure, active conflict tactics, and passive conflict tactics. To examine group differences in the cultural values and marital behaviors, a repeated measures MANCOVA was conducted, controlling for length of marriage. Follow-up repeated measures ANCOVAs were conducted to test each hypothesis. The results indicated that the Chinese native and American groups were similar in cultural values, but the Chinese resident group had the highest rates of both individualism and collectivism. When examining marital behaviors, the American and Chinese resident groups self-disclosed to a similar extent, but the Chinese native group had the lowest self-disclosure rates. In relation to active conflict tactics, the two Chinese groups reported using more active conflict tactics than the American group, but the two Chinese groups were similar in the extent to which they used these tactics. With regards to passive conflict tactics, the Chinese native group had the highest rates, the Chinese resident group had moderate rates, and the American group had the lowest rates. Overall, these findings indicated a similarity between the Chinese and American spouses in cultural values, but a difference in marital processes. The Chinese resident spouses adopted both types of cultural values, and were more similar to Americans in self-disclosure but more similar to Chinese natives in conflict tactics. Further research will enhance our understanding of cross-cultural patterns of Chinese and American familial relations.Item Tearing up the nun : Charlotte Brontë's gothic self-fashioning(2013-05) Sloan, Casey Lauren; MacKay, Carol HanberyThis report explores the ideological motivations behind Charlotte Brontë's inclusion of and alterations to gothic conventions in Villette (1853). By building on an account of the recent critical conversation concerning the conservative Enlightenment force of the gothic, this report seeks to explain the political significance of a specific, nineteenth-century mutation in the genre: Lucy Snowe as an experiment in the bourgeois paradigm. Lucy Snowe's sophisticated consciousness of genre manifests in her minute attention to dress, but the persistence of her personal gothic history means that Villette enacts political tension between individualistic "self-fashioning" and historical determinism as clashing models for the origin of identity.