Browsing by Subject "Indians of North America"
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Item A lithic use-wear analysis of scrapers from the Tisdale-Dalton collection, San Saba,Texas(Texas Tech University, 2001-05) Marie, RuthA use-wear analysis of 268 scrapers using low-and high-power microscopy is the focus of this thesis. The purpose of examination was to determine the use of the scrapers in hopes of deducing some of the probable human activities that occurred prehistorically on the Bamett Springs Ranch in San Saba County, Texas. The lithic tools are part of a larger, unprovenienced collection of artifacts from the Tisdale-Dalton Collection (see Appendix B) that was housed near Dalton's original farmhouse in a building set aside as a museum on the Bamett Springs Ranch (Figure 1.1). The artifacts in this study were gathered over a period of years from a plowed area known as the garden (Figure 1.2), part of 41SS106, according to C. E. Tisdale (personal communication 1996). However, it is possible that some came from other areas of the ranch and even elsewhere, as no written records of provenience were kept for any of the artifacts. The 268 scrapers are diversified in size and shape; Figure 1.3 illustrates some of these differences. Scrapers are typically unifacially chipped stone tools with a morphology suggesting a specific function. Researchers over the years developed many classification methods for scrapers based upon shape or morphology, edges utilized, and use-wear attributes. The classification used for this thesis consists often basic groups, based on edge modification, as explained in Chapter V. The process derived for my examination and analysis of the 268 scrapers was determined after a survey of the literature on various aspects of the subject, as presented in Chapter II.Item American Indians in World War I: military service as catalyst for reform(Texas Tech University, 1994-05) Britten, Thomas A.Native American contributions during World War I gave impetus to reform movements in the 1920s and 1930s and exerted a strong influence upon the way that Anglos perceived Native Americans and how Indians viewed themselves. The war-time experience also encouraged a resurgence in traditional Indian cultural practices and provided fertile ground for the emergence of Pan-Indian organizations in the post-war era. Native American alliances with non-Indian allies date back to the colonial era. During the 18th and 19th centuries, American Indians served as scouts, trackers, and advisors to army officials throughout the country. For a short period in the 1890s, the federal government established segregated units of Indian soldiers in the army, both to hasten assimilation and to utilize the Native Americans as scouts and trackers. During World War I, Dr. Joseph K. Dixon, the Secretary of the National American Indian Memorial Association, lobbied Congress to reestablish segregated Indian units. Contrary to earlier efforts, Dixon sought to preserve Indian cultures rather than hasten their demise. His efforts marked a growing struggle between advocates of assimilation and preservation that continued throughout the 1920s and 1930s. Viewed in this light, the debate over segregated Indian units during World War I helped lay the groundwork for the passage in 1934 of the Indian Reorganization Act.Item Item Cultural identity and the people of the North Caucasus(2011-05) Pressley, Brandon Alan; Garza, Thomas J.; Jordan, Bella B.During Soviet Russia, there was an active policy of forced assimilation of minorities into one cultural identity: Russian. This loss of cultural identity came in many forms of resettlement, deportation, discriminatory language policies and economic practices. All of these policies and actions led to large groups of people from the North Caucasus giving up their unique cultural identity and adopting the Russian cultural identity. Many of the policies and actions of the Soviet Union reflected the actions of the United States during the forced assimilation process of the Native Americans. Throughout this process of losing their cultural identity, the people of the North Caucasus could have maintained their unique cultural identity at home or in the local school system, but chose not to for various reasons. This choice to shed their own cultural identity and adopt the Russian identity has had detrimental effect s on the region and some cultures are on the brink of extinction. Not all the people of the North Caucasus willingly assimilated and accepted the Russian way of life; the Chechens have fought the Russians since their first excursion into the North Caucasus and continue to fight to this day for independence and freedom.Item Nutritional inference from paleopathological comparison of the Footprint and Bonnell skeletal populations(Texas Tech University, 1998-08) Lewis, Rebecca J.Throughout the world, museums, universities, and medical schools maintain human skeletal collections (Ubelaker and Grant, 1989). In the case of museums and universities, these collections may have been generated through archaeological investigations without the assistance of a physical anthropologist. As a result, some of the human skeletal collections lack bioarchaeological data (Owsley, 1989). This research endeavor is an outgrowth of attempts to improve documentation for two such collections. The Bonnell (LA612) and Footprint (41PT25) human skeletal collections were analyzed to make nutritional inferences from the assessment of skeletal pathologies. Based on temporal and economic similarities between the Footprint and Bonnell sites, both populations should exhibit similar pathological conditions.Item Relations between Comanches and Lipans from white contact to early nineteenth century(Texas Tech University, 1997-08) Stogner, Charles H.When he first encountered Native Americans in 1492, Christopher Columbus, thinking he was in India, called the people Indians.' His "Indians" have been the subjects of hundreds of books and thousands of professional articles. Most of the writing about American Indians, however, has to do vsdth their relationship with the European invaders, comparatively less of it has been aimed at the relationship of the various Indian groups with one another. Reasons for the omission are varied, but a primary explanation lies in the dearth of material from the Indian participants. Recent scholarship has begun to focus on the association of the Indian groups with one another. Thomas W. Kavanagh's Comanche Political History: An Ethnohistorical Perspective, 1706-1975 was a recent study of Comanche diplomacy. It covered relations within the various Comanche divisions, with other Indian groups, and with the European invaders. Other works in this area include Frank Secoy's Changing Military Patterns on the Great Plains, John Ewers's The Horse in Blackfoot Indian Culture, and Symmes Oliver's "Social Organization of the Plains Indians" in University of California Publications in American Archeology and Ethnology.Item Santa Clara Pueblo art education curriculum design(Texas Tech University, 1980-05) Zastrow, Leona MNot availableItem Traditional vernacular houses of the arid lands: an analysis of the applicability of a traditional vernacular dwelling for contemporary needs--the Navaho model(Texas Tech University, 1989-08) Gonzalez Aguirre de Petrini, Olivia AmeliaDuring the last 10 years, at least, numerous authors have emphasized the adequacy of primitive and traditional vernacular structures as solutions to the habitational needs of people around the world, particularly in developing nations: Regarding the arid and semiarid lands, several authors agree that primitive and vernacular dwellings and settlements—present and past—represent successful human adaptations to life in arid environments. These authors argue that these primitive and vernacular responses to the arid conditions embody a wealth of design principles which should be retrieved and applied today.Item Turtle and lizard images in Lakota art: a case study in interpretation(Texas Tech University, 1994-05) Gombert, Carl RudolphBy analyzing Lakota images of turtles and lizards as elements of a sign system that produces cultural meaning, this study examines the status of the images, interprets multiple meanings they convey, and investigates the role they play in relation to sodal organization. A broad definition of art accounting for both product and praxis is proposed. To justify the methods used, the study critically reviews assumptions govenung art historical and museological interpretations of Lakota art. Established interpretive methods (i.e., material culture studies, iconography, and semiotics) are employed within a poststructuralist framework that posits meaning as a sodal and cultural construction. Lakota ethnohistory and creation myths are suimnarized briefly to establish contexts in which Lakota imagery can be explicated. Although often explained as a protective motif invoking the turtle's assodation with female physiological concerns, mythic, folkloric, and ceremorual traditions support interpretations beyond gynecological protection. For both men and women, the turtle also connotes wisdom, longevity, good, evil, and resistance to death. Lizards are linked to turtles in mythological accounts and in the case of umbilical amulets. With the exception of wisdom, lizard images convey the same meanings as do turtle images. Examination of gender-spedfic artistic practices and behavioral ideals illuminates the relationship of Lakota art and Lakota sodal practice, espedally with regard to gender, ethnidty, and power. Finally, a catalog of thirty-nine examples of Lakota art (or stylistically related northern Plains Indian art) in the Museum of Texas Tech University appears as an appendix, and provides an overview of Lakota styles, techniques, and forms.