Browsing by Subject "Exercise"
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Item A Y.M.C.A. Fitness Facility for Lubbock, Texas(Texas Tech University, 1979-12) Velde, PeteNot Available.Item Acute aerobic exercise and anxiety reduction: a test of distraction and mastery hypotheses(Texas Tech University, 1997-12) Moore, Stephen A.While the popular press has publicized and the public has accepted the psychological benefits of exercise, empirical research linking exercise to such benefits has yielded mixed results (Folkins & Sime, 1981, Rosenthal, 1993). While reviewers overall agree that a single bout of aerobic exercise can reduce anxiety and increase positive affect (Petmzzello et al., 1991; Tuson & Sinyor, 1993; Yeung, 1996), no existing model or hypothesized mechanism for these effects had been subjected to an empirical test. The present study tested two psychological explanations offered in the literature (Tuson & Sinyor, 1993), a "distraction" hypothesis and a model based on self-efficacy. The experimenter assigned randomly 146 participants to be (1) prompted to ruminate on their life problems or not while engaging in twenty minutes of aerobic exercise and (2) told that they either met or failed to meet their pre-specified goal of maintaining a consistent heart rate in a specific range while exercising in a completely crossed two (ruminate vs. distraction) x two (mastery vs. no mastery) + one (control group) factorial design. The experimenter took pre and post test measures of anxiety using the Profile of Mood States, State Trait Anxiety Inventory, Exercise Induced Feeling Inventory, and a technique recommended by Guavin and Brawley. ANOVA was used to assess the influence of distraction and mastery upon post exercise reductions in anxiety. Results showed that exercise resuhed in a decrease on the Physical Exhaustion scale on the Exercise Induced Feeling Inventory. Results also showed an effect for the mastery manipulation on measures of positive affect, but none for the distraction manipulation. An additional purpose of the present study was to investigate the potential moderating effect of the construct of psychological hardiness upon the relationship between exercise and anxiety. Results of this analysis showed significant effects on one of the nine measures of affect. Implications and limitations of the study are discussed.Item Acute hemodynamic responses to yoga exercise(2010-08) Miles, Steven Charles, 1980-; Tanaka, Hirofumi, Ph. D.; Farrar, Roger P.The primary purpose of the present study was to determine the acute hemodynamic responses to twenty-three select yoga postures in advanced and novice yoga practitioners. Additionally, we sought to determine if trunk flexibility is related to arterial stiffness. Using a cross-sectional study design, 37 apparently healthy adults (26 females and 11 males; 22-71 years old) were divided into two groups according to level of yoga experience. Beat-to-beat measures of blood pressure, stroke volume, cardiac work-load, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance were measured using a finger plethysmograph during the yoga routine. Baseline measures of trunk flexibility (sit-and-reach scores and inclinometer measurements) and arterial stiffness (carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity) were also compared. Yoga postures elicited significant increases in heart rate, blood pressure and cardiac output (P<0.05) for both groups. There was no difference in blood pressure responses between the two groups throughout the yoga testing session. Lumbar flexion, as measured by an inclinometer, was significantly (P<0.01) and inversely associated with cfPWV (r=-0.52).Item Aging, habitual exercise, and vascular ischemia-reperfusion injury(2009-12) DeVan, Allison Elizabeth; Tanaka, Hirofumi, Ph. D.Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury occurs during myocardial infarction and during some cardiovascular surgeries. Animal studies support the role of endurance exercise training in preventing myocardial IR injury and coronary endothelial dysfunction. In human and animal studies, habitual exercise has been shown to attenuate endothelial dysfunction caused by aging and disease. It is unknown; however, if exercise can protect against vascular IR injury in humans and if so, whether these effects persist with advancing age. Using 20 minutes of forearm ischemia and the response of the brachial artery as a noninvasive surrogate model for the heart, the association between the mode of exercise training (endurance versus resistance) and vascular IR injury was examined in young healthy adults in the first study. Endothelial function, as measured by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in the brachial artery, decreased significantly after forearm ischemia, suggesting that this noninvasive model of the heart produces significant and measureable vascular injury. These measures returned to baseline levels within 30 minutes following ischemia, illustrating the transient nature of this form of IR injury. The magnitude of injury and recovery from ischemia were not significantly different among young sedentary, endurance-trained, and resistance-trained subjects, suggesting that exercise training is not associated with protection from vascular IR injury in a young, healthy population. In the second study, the association between aging, endurance exercise training, and vascular IR injury was studied. Twenty minutes of forearm ischemia was associated with a transient fall in brachial FMD in young and older sedentary and endurance-trained subjects. Young subjects recovered more quickly from IR injury than older subjects. Within 30 minutes of injury, the endothelial function of the young group was back to baseline while blunted endothelial function persisted in older subjects for greater than 45 minutes after injury. There was no association between endurance exercise training and enhanced recovery from IR injury. These findings suggest that aging is associated with delayed recovery from vascular IR injury and that endurance training does not appear to modulate the vascular IR injury responses.Item Analysis of the physiological variables associated with offseason conditioning(Texas Tech University, 1981-08) Edwards, Jimmy WayneNot availableItem Comparison of Two Diet and Exercise Approaches on Weight Loss and Health Outcomes in Women(2012-12-05) Mardock, Michelle 1967-The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of following either the Curves? Fitness and Weight Management Plan or the Weight Watchers? Momentum? Plan on body composition and markers of health and fitness in previously sedentary obese women. Fifty-one women (age 35?8 yrs; height 163?7 cm; weight 90?1 kg; BMI 34?5 kg/m2; 47?7% body fat) were randomized to participate in the Curves? (C) or Weight Watchers? (W) weight loss programs for 16-wks. Participants in the C group (n=24) followed a 1,200 kcal/d diet for 1-wk; 1,500 kcal/d diet for 3 wks (~30%:45% CHO:PRO); and 2,000 kcals/d for 2-wks (45:30) and repeated this diet while participating in a supervised Curves? with Zumba program 3-d-wk. Remaining subjects (n=27) followed the W point-based diet program, received weekly group counseling, and were encouraged to exercise. Body composition, anthropometrics, resting energy expenditure (REE), lipid biomarkers, and hormone concentrations were assessed at 0, 4, 10, and 16 weeks. Maximal cardiopulmonary exercise capacity and upper and lower body isotonic strength and endurance were assessed at 0 and 16 weeks. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance for repeated measures. MANOVA analysis of body composition data revealed overall time (Wilks? Lamda p=0.001) and time by diet effects (Wilks? Lamda p=0.003). Subjects in both groups lost a similar amount of total mass (C -2.4?2.0, -4.1?3.4, -5.1?3.9; W -2.3?2.3, -4.5?3.0, -5.5?4.6 kg, p=0.78). However, subjects in the C group tended to have a greater reduction in percent body fat (C -3.3?5.2, -3.2?4.6, -4.7?5.4; W 0.6?6.7, -0.6?8.3, -1.4?8.1%, p=0.10) and body fat mass (C -3.9?5.5, -4.6?5.3, -6.4?5.9; W -0.4?5.7, -2.1?6.7, -2.9?7.8 kg, p=0.09), while maintaining FFM (C 1.5?4.3, 0.52?3.7, 1.3?4.0; W -1.8?5.4, -2.4?5.8, -2.5?5.1, p=0.01). While both groups had increases cardiovascular fitness, the C group experienced improvements in upper body muscular endurance (C 1.4?3.9; W -1.2?2.4 repetitions, p=0.006). Both groups experienced improvements in lipid biomarkers; however, only the C group experienced a moderate increase in HDL-c. Results indicate that participants following the C program experienced more favorable changes in body composition and markers of fitness and health than participants in the W program.Item Comparisons of physical activity and dietary components in an overweight/obese population and their normal weight controls matched for gender, age and height(2004) Davis, Jaimie Nicole; Gillham, Martha B.Item Coping with Depression: Examining How Exercise, Social Support, and Other Strategies Relate to Depressive Symptoms(2011-08) Dempsey, Cynthia J. W.; Richards, C. Steven; Hendrick, Susan S.; Hendrick, Clyde A.; Cohen, Lee M.Research indicates young adults (ages 18 - 25) are at a high risk of developing depressive symptoms (Richards & Perri, 2002). This population exhibits poor utilization of mental health reatment services (The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2008). Research has suggested implementing self-help strategies for dealing with one's depressive symptoms is better than doing nothing, and these strategies are most effective with milder levels of depression (Menchola, Arkowitz, & Burke, 2007). The current study examined the relationships between depressive symptoms, coping strategies, exercise, and social support in young adults not participating in mental health treatment. One hundred and twenty -one introductory to psychology students completed the study. Avoidant coping, exercise, positive social support, and negative social support were found to be related to current depressive levels. Specifically, avoidant coping and negative social support were related to more depressive symptoms, while exercise and positive social support were related to fewer symptoms. Avoidant coping was also found to be the strongest predictor of depressive level and had the most influence on change in depressive level. Moreover, positive and negative social support were found to be independently related to depressive symptoms, with negative social support being the stronger of these two. Finally, positive social support from friends was found to be more predictive of current depressive level than positive support from family. The implications of these results will be discussed.Item Effect of an energy drink on physical and cognitive performance in trained cyclists(2012-05) Lassiter, David Gray; Ivy, John, 1945-This study investigated the effectiveness of an energy drink (ED) in enhancing cycling time-trial performance, and cognitive performance at rest, during moderate-intensity exercise, and after exercise. The protocol was double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, two-period, and within-subjects. The treatments were ED containing caffeine and carbohydrate, and a caffeine-free non-caloric flavored placebo beverage (PLA). Exercise performance was measured by time to finish a simulated 35 km time-trial course. Cognitive performance was measured by a Stroop task, a tapping task, a reaction time task, and an executive function task consisting of both tapping and reaction time. The effects of ED on blood markers were also assessed. Race performance was enhanced by an average of 3% when participants had ED compared to PLA without a difference in rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Performance was improved by ED even in participants that arrived to the lab with elevated blood caffeine concentrations. Both before and after the exercise, ED resulted in more taps per second in the tapping task. After receiving ED, plasma insulin spiked, there was a fall in free fatty acids (FFA) and blood glucose remained unchanged. Exercise onset caused a drop in blood glucose when participants consumed ED, though glucose returned to a level that was not different from PLA by 29 km into the race. FFA also increased as the exercise continued, and were not different from PLA by 23 km. ED elevated plasma caffeine levels. Epinephrine was elevated due to ED from 6 km to the end of the race. Norepinephrine was only elevated by ED at 6 km. At rest and throughout exercise ED caused elevated lactate concentrations. When participants consumed ED they sustained a greater VO₂ and heart rate throughout the race. In summary, ED enhanced exercise performance and simple movement time as assessed by the tap test before and after intense exercise. There was enough caffeine in ED to enhance physical performance without causing negative effects on cognitive function.Item Effect of maximum loads for each of ten repetitions on strength improvement(Texas Tech University, 1966-05) Hardage, Billy DeanNot availableItem The effect of quercetin on exercise induced cytokine response in trained cyclists(2012-12) Chou, Ting-Heng; Coyle, Edward F., 1952-; Brothers, Robert MQuercetin is a flavonoid found in commonly consumed fruits and vegetables that has exhibited powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in rodents and in vitro. In humans, the effect of quercetin on exercise induced oxidative stress and inflammation is still equivocal and need to be further investigated. A powerful antioxidant such as quercetin may inhibit the high levels of oxidative stress and inflammation associated with the high volume and intensity of exercise training seen with endurance-trained individuals. PURPOSE: To determine the effect of 28 days of daily quercetin supplementation on intensive endurance exercise induced cytokine response. vi METHODS: Thirteen trained cyclists (VO2peak 58.8 ± 3.9 ml/kg/min) were recruited for this study from the University of Texas at Austin and the local Austin, Texas community and participated in this placebo controlled, randomized, crossover designed study. After initial assessment of baseline data (VO2peak, lactate threshold, and two familiarization time trials), participants began daily supplementation with either an antioxidant supplement containing vitamins and quercetin (Q-VIT: 1000mg quercetin, 820mg Vitamin C, 40mg Vitamin B3) or the same vitamin supplement without quercetin (VIT: 820mg Vitamin C, 40mg Vitamin B3). A simulated time trial using an electromagnetically braked cycle ergometer in which subjects had to complete a set amount of work (kJ) as fast as possible was performed on the last day of supplementation. Blood collection was performed at three time points of the time trial days: before exercise (PRE), after warm up (MIN 20), and immediately after time trial exercise (POST). Measured plasma markers were Interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), and Interleukin-10 (IL-10). RESULTS: Q-VIT compared to VIT had no effect on pre, min 20 and post exercise plasma IL-6, CRP, and IL-10 ( P= 0.7, 0.08, and 0.32 respectively). However there was a trend that Q-VIT lowered plasma CRP compare to VIT ( P = 0.08). CONCLUSION: Chronic supplementation for 28 days with a quercetin based antioxidant supplement did not affect plasma cytokine before during or after exercise. The results of the current study suggest that chronic supplementation with quercetin does not influence plasma cytokine and exercise induced cytokine response in endurance-trained athletes.Item Effect of sodium chloride supplementation on serum sodium concentration, cardiovascular function, and physical and cognitive performance(2010-08) Pahnke, Matthew Daleon; Coyle, Edward F., 1952-; Farrar, Roger; Kornguth, Steven; Machart, Jan; Tanaka, HirofumiThese studies determined the effects of sodium chloride supplementation on serum and sweat sodium concentration, cardiovascular function, and physical and cognitive performance. Sweat sodium losses, alone, caused a significant decline in serum sodium concentration (-6.4±1.6 mEq/L, p=0.001) during 3h cycling in the heat in endurance-trained athletes with high sweat sodium losses. However, sodium chloride supplementation matching sweat sodium losses (NA; 5.9±1.5g NaCl/h) maintained serum sodium concentration. Post-exercise maximal cycling power declined and was significantly lower than pre-exercise in placebo (PL; p=0.012), but power was not significantly different in NA (p=0.057). Pre- to post-exercise response time during a Stroop Test improved in NA (p=0.009), while there was no change in PL (p=0.597). Post-exercise postural sway was less in NA vs. PL (p=0.044). Three days of sodium chloride supplementation (~15 g NaCl/d) resulted in a significant increase in plasma volume in healthy untrained males at rest (5.9±7.6 %) and during exercise at 60%VO₂peak (8.6±5.2 %) compared to PL. During NA, stroke volume was 10% higher during exercise vs. PL (139±27 vs. 126±24 ml/beat, respectively, p=0.004). Cardiac output was 8% higher in NA during exercise vs. PL (21.0±3.1 vs. 19.4±2.6 L/min, respectively, p=0.013). Mean arterial pressure during exercise was not different in NA vs. PL (p=0.548) as total peripheral resistance decreased (p=0.027) with the increased cardiac output. Sweat sodium concentration was 9% higher in NA vs. PL during exercise in the heat (70.4±19.5 vs. 64.5±21.7 mEq/L, p=0.044). In summary, serum sodium concentration declines when high sweat sodium losses are not replaced while hydration status is maintained. Acute sodium chloride supplementation during exercise which matches sodium losses maintains serum sodium concentration. This maintenance of serum sodium concentration results in both physical and cognitive benefits compared to when serum sodium concentration declines. Chronic intake of sodium chloride for 3 days increases plasma volume in healthy untrained men and improves cardiovascular function, as both stroke volume and cardiac output are increased, while oxygen consumption and blood pressure are unchanged. Therefore, acute and chronic sodium supplementation positively alters fluid and sodium balance which results in beneficial effects on physical and cognitive performance and cardiovascular function during exercise.Item Effects of a community-based health and fitness program on weight, body composition, and chronic disease risk factors: A pilot study(2011-05) Stevenson, Jada L.; Cooper, Jamie A.; Boylan, Lee M.; Reed, DebraNearly two-thirds of Unites States adults are overweight or obese and approximately 15 million Americans are obese. Communities are responding by implementing team-based strategies to encourage weight loss and physical activity among local individuals. Purpose: To determine the efficacy of GET FiT Lubbock, an 8-week team- and community-based intervention on changes in body weight, body composition and chronic disease risk factors in adults. Methods: A total of 173 adults enrolled in the 8-week weight loss intervention and 32 adults (8 males and 24 females; mean age of 45±2.4 years; mean BMI of 31±1.2 kg/m2) completed pre- and post-intervention measurements. For the intervention, participants formed teams of four individuals. Teams then competed against one another to accrue as many points as possible. Points were awarded for minutes of self-reported exercise and attending nutrition and fitness lectures as well as community events. Pre-intervention measurements, which were taken 1 week prior to the start of the intervention, included height, weight, BMI, body fat percentage, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. One week after the conclusion of the 8-week intervention, the same measurements were taken again. Minutes of exercise were self-reported weekly to research personnel. Results: The 8-week intervention resulted in significant decreases in body weight (-1.66 ±0.5kg, p<0.01), BMI (-0.6 ±0.2, p<0.01), waist circumference (-3.0 ±0.6cm, p<0.001), hip circumference (-2.9 ±0.5cm, p<0.001), total cholesterol (-6.9 ±2.5mg/dL, p<0.01), and systolic blood pressure (-3.8 ±1.8mmHg, p<0.05). Conversely, HDL cholesterol and fasting blood glucose significantly increased (3.8 ±1.3mg/dL, p<0.01 and 3.94 ±1.5mg/dL, p<0.05, respectively). There were no changes in diastolic blood pressure. Males significantly lost more body fat percentage than females (-3.65 ±0.5% vs. 0.14 ±0.4%), which proved to be the only significant gender difference for the change in each variable. Further, there were no significant changes in outcome variables when analyzed by initial BMI category. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the GET FiT Lubbock program can produce modest weight loss and improve chronic disease risk factors. Although more data are needed regarding gender and BMI group differences, this study provides a point of reference for future team- and community-based exercise and health campaigns.Item The effects of acute exercise on postprandial metabolism(2012-05) Trombold, Justin Ross; Coyle, Edward F., 1952-; Tanaka, Hirofumi; Brothers, Robert M.; Nunez, Nomeli; Hursting, StephenThese studies determined the role of carbohydrate deficit from acute exercise on postprandial triglyceride elevation (PPTG). In Study 1, when energy expenditure was held constant in the exercise trials, both acute moderate (~50% VO₂ peak; MIE) and high intensity endurance exercise (90% VO₂ peak intervals; HIE) were effective to lower PPTG compared to a non-exercise control [CON; 54.9 (13.5) % and 75.2 (15.5) %, respectively, relative to CON, p<0.05], with HIE significantly lower than MIE (p=0.03). Total postprandial fat oxidation was increased in both MIE [83.3 (10.6) %] and HIE [89.1 (9.8) %] compared to CON [69.0 (16.1) %, p<0.05), with HIE significantly greater then MIE (p=0.012). These effects occurred in the absence of any change in glucose tolerance. In Study 2, when an isoenergetic meal was provided immediately after an acute exercise session (80 min; 60 min at ~65% VO₂peak and 10, 2 min intervals) consisting of either low carbohydrate (EX+LCHO) or high carbohydrate content (EX+HCHO), PPTG was siginificantly higher in EX+HCHO compared to EX+LCHO [449 (118) mg/dL/4h and 325 (63) mg/dL/4h, respectively, p=0.03], despite similar energy balance. Furthermore, postprandial fat oxidation was higher in EX+LCHO compared to EX+HCHO [256.7 (57.6) kcal/4h and 209.4 (56) kcal/4h, respectively, p=0.002]. PPTG was significantly related to fat oxidation (r=-0.61), fasting plasma [beta]-hydroxybutyrate (r=-0.62) and carbohydrate deficit (r=0.51), but not energy deficit (r=0.25). In summary, these data suggest that post-exercise carbohydrate balance from both increasing carbohydrate oxidation during exercise (i.e., exercise intensity) or by reducing post-exercise carbohydrate intake, is an important determinant of PPTG-lowering effects of exercise and that this may result from changes in fat oxidation.Item The effects of acute muscle damage and autoimmune disease on vascular function : the potential role of inflammation(2009-08) Barnes, Jill Nicole; Tanaka, Hirofumi, Ph. D.Inflammation has been implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease and a potential underlying mechanism in the pathogenesis of impaired vascular function. Two different but complementary approaches were utilized to determine the role of inflammation on vascular function. First, to evaluate the effect of acute inflammation, we induced muscle damage to both small and large muscle mass and measured vascular function every 24 hours for up to 5 days of recovery. Eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage, in both small and large muscle mass, resulted in a transient increase in central arterial stiffness. Next, patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were studied as a model of chronic inflammation. Measurements of vascular function were compared in habitually-exercising and sedentary SLE patients, and age-matched healthy controls. Individuals with SLE demonstrated lower vascular function than healthy controls. When SLE patients were grouped by exercise status, habitually-exercising SLE patients exhibited similar vascular function to healthy controls, and lower overall disease activity compared with sedentary SLE patients, supporting the beneficial effect of regular exercise in this population. Inflammatory biomarkers were associated with measures of macro- and microvascular function. In conclusion, acute muscle damage and chronic disease-related inflammation have a potent effect on measures of vascular function, suggesting that inflammation plays a role in the pathogenesis of vascular dysfunction and is an important biomarker for cardiovascular risk.Item Effects of aging and exercise training on structural and vasoconstrictor properties of skeletal muscle arterioles(Texas A&M University, 2004-11-15) Donato, Anthony JohnAging is associated with increases in regional and systemic vascular resistance and arterial blood pressure. One possible mechanism through which these age-associated alterations occur is enhanced vasoconstrictor responsiveness, or alterations in the structural properties of the resistance vasculature. We hypothesized that stiffness and vasoconstriction would be greater in skeletal muscle arterioles from old rats, and that endurance exercise training would ameliorate the associated with aging alterations. METHODS: Young sedentary (YS; 4 months), old sedentary (OS; 24 months), young trained (YT) and old trained (OT) male Fischer 344 rats were used. Training modality was treadmill exercise at 15 m/min up a 15o incline, 5 days/wk for 12wks. Skeletal muscle first-order arterioles were isolated for in vitro experimentation. Intraluminal diameter was measured in response to the cumulative addition of endothelin-1, norepinephrine, KCl, and isoproterenol. Stiffness was measure by examining the arterioles' stress and strain relation to increased luminal pressure in Ca++ free solution. RESULTS: Skeletal muscle arterioles had augmented vasoconstriction to endothelin-1 and norepinephrine. Adrenergic vasodilation was diminished in aged rat arterioles. Stiffness increased with age. Exercise training ameliorated the age-associated changes in stiffness and norepinephrine vasoconstriction. Exercise training did not alter endothelin-1 vasoconstriction or adrenergic vasodilation. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that enhanced vascular sensitivity to vasoconstrictors and increased arteriole stiffness may play a role in the increase in skeletal muscle and systemic vascular resistance and, thus, contribute to the elevated blood pressure which occurs in aging humans. These results also demonstrate some of the cardioprotective effects of exercise training.Item Effects of Exercise and Diet- induced Weight Loss in Overweight/Obese Women on Characterization of Serum/White Blood Cells, microRNAs and Cytokine Gene Transcription(2013-12-11) Simbo, Sunday YamoThis study examined the effects of exercise and diet-induced weight loss on markers of inflammation in obese females. Forty-nine obese women (age 48.2?10.5 years, height 63.5?2.7cm; weight 203.3?30.5 kg; BMI 35.6?5.6 kg/m^(2); 45.9?4.4 % body fat) completed a 12-week study (exercise group (EX): n=29; control group (C): n=20). Participants followed an energy-restricted diet (1,200 kcal/d for 1-week and 1,500 kcal/d for 11 weeks; 30% CHO, 45% P, and 25% F) while participating in a 30-min circuit resistance-training (3 days/wk) and 30 min walking program on non-workout days. DEXA body composition, fitness, and serum/white blood cells samples were obtained at 0, 4, 8 and 12 wks. The expression of microRNA (21 and 146a) and the expression levels of IL-6, TNF-?, (PTEN, TRAF6)/PI3k/AKT/NF-kB were measured by real-time RT-PCR at 0 and 12 wks. Data were analyzed by MANOVA and presented as changes from baseline after 12 wks for the EX and C groups. Overall MANOVA analysis revealed a significant time effect (p=0.004) and group x time effect (p=0.004) for body composition measures. Participants in the EX group experienced significant changes in body weight (EX -4.0?4.4 kg; C 0.1?3.0 kg, p=0.001), fat mass (EX -3.8?4.0 kg; C -0.03?2.0 kg, p<0.001), and percent body fat (EX -2.7?3.4%; C -0.1?1.7%, p=0.002). Overall MANOVA analysis revealed a significant time effect (p<0.001) and group x time effect (p=0.003) for measures of fitness. Overall significant MANOVA interaction was observed among EX and C groups (Wilks? Lambda p<0.001) on markers of inflammation. Significant interactions were observed among groups in microRNA 21 (EX -1.5?2.34; C 0.13?2.2, p=0.03), mRNA expression levels of PTEN (EX -4.5?3.2; C -1.6?3.4, p=0.005), IL-6 (EX -2.8?3.6; C 2.8?2.2, p=0.00); and, TNF-? (EX -0.52?2.5; C 2.3?1.9, p=0.00). Changes in microRNA (21 and 146a) were positively and significantly correlated to body weight, total weight, fat mass, and body fat percent, with circulatory levels of IL-6 and TNF-?. Results indicate that 12-wks of participation in an exercise and weight loss program significantly affects microRNA 21 and its target gene PTEN, mRNA TNF-?, and mRNA IL-6 levels suggesting an anti-inflammatory response compared to a control group.Item Effects of exercise on feed lot performance, muscle development, and certain carcass traits in swine(Texas Tech University, 1959-08) Jackson, Billy GreerNot availableItem The effects of resistance training on mood following an autonomous vs. yoked protocol(2015-05) Cheshire, Philip Andrew; Bartholomew, John B.; Jowers, EsbelleBackground. Previous research has shown that an individual’s post-exercise mood plays an important role in their likelihood to participate in that exercise activity in the future (Emmons & Diener, 1986; Williams et al., 2008; Williams et al., 2012). Of the possible moderating variables in the exercise-affect relationship, exercise intensity shows the most support. However, an uncoupling effect manifested in Parffit, Rose, & Burgess (2006) showed that self-selecting the intensity acted as an affective buffer and essentially allowed participants to exercise at higher intensity without the expected drop in affect. It may be, therefore, that autonomy may further serve to moderate the impact of exercise on mood. Design. To explore this issue, we employed a "yoked" design (Dickerson & Creedon, 1981). Participants were randomly assignment to either a free-choice resistance exercise, or a yoked control. The yoked participant performs a bout of exercise that matches the selection of their autonomous counterpart. In this study, 14 college-aged students participated in a testing session to estimate 1-repetition maximums, and a resistance exercise session that was either autonomous (self-selected) or a relative replication (yoked). Participants completed mood questionnaires following the resistance exercise session. Results. A 2 (group) x 3 (time) with repeated measures on the second factor showed significant main effects of time for the Felt Arousal Scale F(2, 13) = 4.15, p = .05 and Negative Affect F(2, 11) = 4.28, p = .05 such that arousal and negative affect both declined during recovery. Additionally, five of the seven yoked participants were unable to progress through their relative resistance exercise bout without a decrease in weight in order to achieve the prescribed number of repetitions. Conclusion. Autonomy does not appear to be a critical component of affect following resistance training. Further research is needed to explore resistance training as a model of autonomy manipulation, and to test the possibility of a performance detriment accompanying a loss of autonomy.Item Efficacy of an exercise intervention for sexual side effects of antidepressant medications in women(2013-08) Lorenz, Tierney Kyle Ahrold; Meston, Cindy M.Antidepressants are associated with sexual side effects (Clayton, Keller, & McGarvey, 2006). Sexual side effects are associated with non-compliance or discontinuance of antidepressants (Werneke, Northey, & Bhugra, 2006). Despite this, there are few empirically supported treatments for antidepressant side effects. However, in laboratory studies, exercise immediately before sexual stimuli improved sexual arousal of women taking antidepressants (Lorenz & Meston, 2012). I evaluated if exercise improves sexual functioning in women experiencing antidepressant-induced sexual side effects. Fifty-two women reporting antidepressant sexual side effects were followed for 3 weeks of sexual activity only. They were randomized to complete either three weeks of exercise immediately before sexual activity (3x/week) or 3 weeks of exercise separate from sexual activity (3x/week). At the end of the first exercise arm, participants crossed to the other. I measured sexual functioning, sexual satisfaction, depression and physical health. Completers showed modest improvements in sexual functioning and satisfaction. For women taking selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, exercising immediately before sexual activity was superior to exercise in general. As well as known effects in improved physical and psychological health, exercise may help improve sexual health and pleasure in women taking antidepressants. These findings have important implications for public health, as exercise is accessible, cheap, and does not add to burden of care.
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