Browsing by Subject "EIAV"
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Item Influence of Surface Protein V6 Region of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus on Cytokine Gene Expression(2014-08-14) Lamon, Tennille KrystalEquine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is a member of the lentivirus group of the family Retroviridae. EIAV encodes a highly glycosylated SU (surface) protein with interspersed conserved and variable regions. The variable regions are thought to play a key role in virulence determination and virus neutralization. The role of SU in virulence is thought to be based on induction of cytokine gene expression upon binding of the virus to permissive cells leading to clinical signs that are associated with the infection. The proposed experiments will look specifically at one variable region (V6) of SU. My hypothesis was that V6 plays a major role in virulence by inducing cytokine induction upon binding. I used two EIAV strains with distinct phenotypes (virulent EIAV17 and avirulent EIAV19) to test the contribution of V6 to increased cytokine induction. The findings of these studies will aid in the long term goal of vaccine development and potential treatments for EIAV and other retroviruses.Item New Insights Into the Role of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus S2 Protein in Disease Expression(2011-08-08) Covaleda Salas, Lina M.Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is an important animal model to study the contribution of macrophages in viral persistence during lentiviral infections. EIAV is unique amongst the lentiviruses in that it causes a rapid, rather than the very slow disease progression, characteristic of other lentiviral infections. The accessory gene, S2, unique to EIAV, is an important determinant in viral pathogenesis. A functional S2 gene is required to achieve high-titer viremia and the development of disease in infected horses. Despite its essential role, the mechanisms by which S2 influences EIAV pathogenesis remain elusive. The goal of this research was to gain insight into the role of S2 in pathogenesis. To accomplish this goal we: (i) Examined the effects of EIAV and its S2 protein in the regulation of the cytokine and chemokine responses in macrophages, (ii) Assessed the influence of EIAV infection and the effect of S2 on global gene expression in macrophages and (iii) Identified host cellular proteins that interact with S2 as a starting point for the identification of host factors implicated in S2 function. The results from this study provide evidence for a role of S2 in enhancing a proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine response in infected macrophages. Specifically, S2 enhances the expression of IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta IL-8, MCP-2, MIP-1 beta, IP-10 and a newly discovered cytokine, IL-34. Involvement of S2 in cytokine and chemokine dysregulation may contribute to disease development by optimizing the host cell environment to promote viral dissemination and replication. Microarray analyses revealed an interesting set of differentially expressed genes upon EIAV infection. Genes affected by EIAV were involved in the immune response, transcription, translation, cell cycle and cell survival. Finally, we used the yeast two-hybrid system to identify S2 host cellular interacting proteins. We identified osteosarcoma amplified 9 (OS-9) and proteasome 26S ATPase subunit 3 (PSMC3) proteins as interacting partners of S2. Additional evidence is needed to demonstrate the physiological relevance of these interactions in vivo. In summary, the results from this study contribute towards our understanding of the role S2 in disease expression and allow the formulation of new hypotheses as to the potential mechanisms of action of S2 during EIAV infection.