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Item A low carbohydrate diet: Treating obesity related disorders in adults(2005-08) Rushing, Keith T.; Huffman, Lynn; Hoover, Linda C.; Felstehausen, Ginny; Couch, SueThe prevalence of obesity in United States adults from 1988 to 2000 skyrocketed from 22.9% to 30.5%. The healthcare community is struggling to find solutions to combat this epidemic. Several weight loss diet studies have demonstrated that low carbohydrate diets may be a reasonable alternative for individuals (including those with diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and high blood pressure) who have not had success losing with standard low-fat and diabetic diets. The purpose of this study was to determine the suitability of an ultra-low-carbohydrate diet for treating obesity adults. Participants were overweight or obese, non-pregnant, English speaking adults. They were randomly divided into two diet groups: (a) ultra-low carbohydrate (no calorie limit, 5% CHO, 35% protein, and 60% fat) and (b) balanced low calorie (1100 calorie, 55% CHO, 15% protein, and 30% fat, „T 10% saturated fat, „T 300 mg cholesterol, and „d 25 grams fiber). At baseline, study participants received instruction on specified diets, and they had anthropometric measurements taken (weight, blood pressure, and body fat using bioimpedance). Laboratory data was solicited throughout the study to determine an impact of each diet on blood glucose, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. The study lasted 20 weeks, with subjects receiving follow-up group counseling on specified diets and routine measurement of anthropometrics data. At each group meeting subjects were asked to complete a questionnaire to either gather baseline data, measure diet compliance and satisfaction, or to evaluate the study. Although both diet groups demonstrated weight loss, body fat loss and blood pressure reductions, the differences between the diet groups were not significant. Both HDL cholesterol and triglycerides demonstrated significant positive outcomes between the two diet groups (p < .05). Cronbach¡¦s Alpha demonstrated poor reliability for the satiety and compliance survey. Participation retention declined throughout the study with an average dropout rate of 14.9% per meeting.Item A low carbohydrate diet: treating obesity related disorders in adults(Texas Tech University, 2005-08) Rushing, Keith T.; Huffman, LynnThe prevalence of obesity in United States adults from 1988 to 2000 skyrocketed from 22.9% to 30.5%. The healthcare community is struggling to find solutions to combat this epidemic. Several weight loss diet studies have demonstrated that low carbohydrate diets may be a reasonable alternative for individuals (including those with diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and high blood pressure) who have not had success losing with standard low-fat and diabetic diets. The purpose of this study was to determine the suitability of an ultra-low-carbohydrate diet for treating obesity adults. Participants were overweight or obese, non-pregnant, English speaking adults. They were randomly divided into two diet groups: (a) ultra-low carbohydrate (no calorie limit, 5% CHO, 35% protein, and 60% fat) and (b) balanced low calorie (1100 calorie, 55% CHO, 15% protein, and 30% fat, „T 10% saturated fat, „T 300 mg cholesterol, and „d 25 grams fiber). At baseline, study participants received instruction on specified diets, and they had anthropometric measurements taken (weight, blood pressure, and body fat using bioimpedance). Laboratory data was solicited throughout the study to determine an impact of each diet on blood glucose, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. The study lasted 20 weeks, with subjects receiving follow-up group counseling on specified diets and routine measurement of anthropometrics data. At each group meeting subjects were asked to complete a questionnaire to either gather baseline data, measure diet compliance and satisfaction, or to evaluate the study. Although both diet groups demonstrated weight loss, body fat loss and blood pressure reductions, the differences between the diet groups were not significant. Both HDL cholesterol and triglycerides demonstrated significant positive outcomes between the two diet groups (p < .05). Cronbach¡¦s Alpha demonstrated poor reliability for the satiety and compliance survey. Participation retention declined throughout the study with an average dropout rate of 14.9% per meeting.Item A study of dietary practices of thirteen obese college women: with some observation upon the effects of obesity on their college activities(Texas Tech University, 1950-08) Elliott, ElizabethNot availableItem A study of the food preferences and eating practices of women students in Texas Technological College(Texas Tech University, 1950-08) Godfrey, JaneNot availableItem An Examination of Household Environmental Influences on Healthy Eating Behaviors among African American Primary Caregivers and Children(2012-02-14) Arthur, Tya MichelleThe burden of obesity and related health conditions is particularly high among African Americans and low-income families. A large body of evidence demonstrates the benefit of following a diet recommended by federal dietary guidelines in reducing obesity risk and promoting overall health. The environment plays an important role in the development of childhood obesity by influencing mechanisms related to dietary behavior patterns. This study used secondary data from a Texas state and national survey of Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) participants prior to the implementation of food package changes in 2009. The purpose of the study was to describe diet quality, examine relationships between diet quality and sociodemographic factors, and investigate household environmental influences on fruit and vegetable consumption among African American children. A healthy food indicator with four components indicative of a healthy diet, namely fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat milk, was used to measure diet quality. African American women and children in this study?s sample did not meet the standards for a healthy diet. Personal and family characteristics, including age, caregiver education, urbanization, and region of residence, were associated with diet quality in African American women and children. The majority of African American children in this sample did not meet current recommendations for daily fruit and vegetable consumption. Six household environmental factors were associated with fruit and vegetable consumption by African American children, including physical factors (primary caregiver purchase and preparation of fruits and vegetables) and sociocultural factors (primary caregiver fruit and vegetable consumption, perception of child liking fruits and vegetables, fruit and vegetable selection self-efficacy, and self-efficacy for healthful child feeding). The strongest predictor of fruit and vegetable consumption by African American children was the fruit and vegetable consumption by primary caregivers. Health education strategies aimed at improving diets of African Americans need to address a variety of sociodemographic and household factors influencing dietary behavior patterns. Strategies to promote the reduction of childhood obesity through increases in fruit and vegetable consumption must account for the consumption of fruits and vegetables among primary caregivers.Item Building assets and resilience : the role of the local food system in reducing health and economic disparities(2011-05) Muraida, Laura Cristina; Wilson, Patricia AnnIn recent years, studies have linked various structural and environmental factors to disproportionately increased rates of morbidity, mortality, and adverse health outcomes in low-income racial and ethnic minority neighborhoods. Among the adverse health outcomes, is the constraint on the ability to access and afford a healthy diet. While local food systems play a significant role in influencing urban health and well-being outcomes, they also present an opportunity to develop community-based assets and resilience. By identifying limitations and successes in current food system literature and practice, this report examines how a more comprehensive approach to equitable community health and wellness can be achieved and sustained. Effective disparity reduction relies on cross-sectoral partnerships that not only promote food equity, but also provide participatory social, economic, and educational opportunities to marginalized communities.Item Comparison of dietary iron intakes with iron hemoglobin levels of selected patients at a family practice clinic.(Texas Tech University, 1975-05) McLeroy, Sandra LeaNot availableItem Comparisons of physical activity and dietary components in an overweight/obese population and their normal weight controls matched for gender, age and height(2004) Davis, Jaimie Nicole; Gillham, Martha B.Item Concepts held by selected physicians in regard to practices in diet therapy(Texas Tech University, 1966-05) Durham, Barbara NanNot availableItem Coyote predation on the Rio Grande wild turkey in the Texas Panhandle and Southwestern Kansas(2005-08) Houchin, Rachael L.; Ballard, Warren B.; Wallace, Mark C.; Gipson, Philip S.; Bonner, JeffFrom January 2000 to August 2004, we collected data on Rio Grande wild turkey (Meleagris gallapavo intermedia) survival, cause-specific mortality, movements, habitat use, roost use, and nesting at 4 study sites (3 in the Texas Panhandle: Matador Wildlife Management Area (MWMA) near Paducah, Texas, Salt Fork of the Red River private land holdings (SF) near Clarendon, Texas, and Gene Howe Wildlife Management Area (GHWMA) near Canadian, Texas, and 1 site on the Cimarron National Grasslands (CNG) near Elkhart, Kansas). During 2000-2002 turkey survival across the 4 sites was about 50% (Ballard et al. 2002). Coyotes were the most frequently cited predators of Rio Grande wild turkeys during the first 3 years of our study, identified in 147 out of 313 (47%) predation events (Ballard et al. 2003). We wanted to further study the impact of coyotes on adult (= 1 year old) and juvenile (6 months to 1 year old) Rio Grande wild turkeys in the Texas Panhandle and Southwestern Kansas, by examining and comparing relative abundances and food habits of coyotes at our four study sites. To estimate relative abundance of carnivore species at our study sites, we used scent stations as our primary method and scat surveys as a secondary method to corroborate scent stations. We examined the food habits of coyotes at our study sites through scat analysis, using scats collected from our scat surveys. Proportions of prey species were expressed using percent of scats (POS) and percent of occurrence(POO). Scent station visitation by coyotes was not different among sites in any season (Fall 2003 ?2 = 7.5067, P = 0.0574; Spring 2003 ?2 = 1.6263, P = 0.6535 Summer 2003 x ?2 = 4.4270, P = 0.2189 and Winter 2004 ?2 = 1.6442, P = 0.6494, Table 2.1). Raccoons (n = 37) were the second-most frequent visitor, and were significantly different among sites during each period (Fall 2003 ?2 = 17.2083, P = 0.0006; Spring 2003 ?2 = 8.8584, P = 0.312 Summer 2003 ?2 = 7.9598, P = 0.0468 and Winter 2004 ?2 = 8.6458, P = 0.0344). Raccoons were detected more frequently at the SF (?2 = 4.5, P = 0.0339) and MWMA (?2 = 4.5, P = 0.0339) than the CNG site during the Spring sampling period. During the Summer period, raccoons were detected more frequently at SF scent stations than at MWMA (?2 = 4.35, P = 0.0370). Raccoons were detected more frequently in the Fall period at the SF than all other sites (CNG 2 = 10.28, P = 0.0013; MWMA ?2 = 7.02, P = 0.0081; GHWMA ?2 = 5.11, P = 0.0237). During the Winter period, raccoons were detected more frequently at SF (?2 = 5.56, P = 0.0184) and GHWMA (?2 = 4.02, P = 0.0450) than MWMA. Diet composition of coyote scats (n = 374) consisted of 27 prey types, primarily small mammal species (n = 11) and vegetation (n = 8), followed by large mammal species (n = 3), medium mammal species (n = 2), avian species (n = 2), reptiles (n = 1), and insects (n = 1). Prey occurrences were primarily small- [n = 194, 40.76 Percent of Occurrence (POO)] and medium-sized (n = 73, 15.33 POO) mammals. The most common prey occurrence across all sites and seasons was Eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus)(n = 69, 14.50 POO), identified in scats at all sites. White-footed (Peromyscus leucopus), and deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), (n = 42, 8.82 POO), and hispid cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus, n = 28, 5.88 POO) were the most common prey types in the small mammal prey category. We detected avian species (n = 13, 2.73 xi POO) in coyote scats at SF (n = 6), GHWMA (n = 2), and CNG (n = 4) sites. Turkey was <1% of all food items, detected only at SF (n = 2) and CNG (n = 1).Item Coyote predation on the Rio Grande wild turkey in the Texas Panhandle and Southwestern Kansas(Texas Tech University, 2005-08) Houchin, Rachael L.; Ballard, Warren B.; Wallace, Mark C.; Gipson, Philip S.; Bonner, JeffFrom January 2000 to August 2004, we collected data on Rio Grande wild turkey (Meleagris gallapavo intermedia) survival, cause-specific mortality, movements, habitat use, roost use, and nesting at 4 study sites (3 in the Texas Panhandle: Matador Wildlife Management Area (MWMA) near Paducah, Texas, Salt Fork of the Red River private land holdings (SF) near Clarendon, Texas, and Gene Howe Wildlife Management Area (GHWMA) near Canadian, Texas, and 1 site on the Cimarron National Grasslands (CNG) near Elkhart, Kansas). During 2000-2002 turkey survival across the 4 sites was about 50% (Ballard et al. 2002). Coyotes were the most frequently cited predators of Rio Grande wild turkeys during the first 3 years of our study, identified in 147 out of 313 (47%) predation events (Ballard et al. 2003). We wanted to further study the impact of coyotes on adult (= 1 year old) and juvenile (6 months to 1 year old) Rio Grande wild turkeys in the Texas Panhandle and Southwestern Kansas, by examining and comparing relative abundances and food habits of coyotes at our four study sites. To estimate relative abundance of carnivore species at our study sites, we used scent stations as our primary method and scat surveys as a secondary method to corroborate scent stations. We examined the food habits of coyotes at our study sites through scat analysis, using scats collected from our scat surveys. Proportions of prey species were expressed using percent of scats (POS) and percent of occurrence(POO). Scent station visitation by coyotes was not different among sites in any season (Fall 2003 ?2 = 7.5067, P = 0.0574; Spring 2003 ?2 = 1.6263, P = 0.6535 Summer 2003 x?2 = 4.4270, P = 0.2189 and Winter 2004 ?2 = 1.6442, P = 0.6494, Table 2.1). Raccoons (n = 37) were the second-most frequent visitor, and were significantly different among sites during each period (Fall 2003 ?2 = 17.2083, P = 0.0006; Spring 2003 ?2 = 8.8584, P= 0.312 Summer 2003 ?2 = 7.9598, P = 0.0468 and Winter 2004 ?2 = 8.6458, P = 0.0344). Raccoons were detected more frequently at the SF (?2 = 4.5, P = 0.0339) and MWMA (?2 = 4.5, P = 0.0339) than the CNG site during the Spring sampling period. During the Summer period, raccoons were detected more frequently at SF scent stations than at MWMA (?2 = 4.35, P = 0.0370). Raccoons were detected more frequently in the Fall period at the SF than all other sites (CNG ?2 = 10.28, P = 0.0013; MWMA ?2 = 7.02, P = 0.0081; GHWMA ?2 = 5.11, P = 0.0237). During the Winter period, raccoons were detected more frequently at SF (?2 = 5.56, P = 0.0184) and GHWMA (?2 = 4.02, P = 0.0450) than MWMA. Diet composition of coyote scats (n = 374) consisted of 27 prey types, primarily small mammal species (n = 11) and vegetation (n = 8), followed by large mammal species (n = 3), medium mammal species (n = 2), avian species (n = 2), reptiles (n = 1), and insects (n = 1). Prey occurrences were primarily small- [n = 194, 40.76 Percent of Occurrence (POO)] and medium-sized (n = 73, 15.33 POO) mammals. The most common prey occurrence across all sites and seasons was Eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus)(n = 69, 14.50 POO), identified in scats at all sites. White-footed (Peromyscus leucopus), and deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), (n = 42, 8.82 POO), and hispid cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus, n = 28, 5.88 POO) were the most common prey types in the small mammal prey category. We detected avian species (n = 13, 2.73 xi POO) in coyote scats at SF (n = 6), GHWMA (n = 2), and CNG (n = 4) sites. Turkey was <1% of all food items, detected only at SF (n = 2) and CNG (n = 1).Item Diet and related behaviors of low-income, overweight women in early postpartum(2009-05) Shah, Bijal Sanghani; Freeland-Graves, Jeanne H.The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of diet and physical activity behaviors on weight status and lipid profiles in low-income women in early postpartum. In addition, the relationship of nutrition knowledge with dietary intakes was evaluated. A convenience sample of low-income mothers was recruited from public health clinics, community centers, and doctor's offices. Inclusion criteria was Hispanic, African American, or Caucasian ethnicity; body mass index (BMI) [greater-than or equal to] 25 kg/m², low-income (annual household income <185% federal poverty line); parity<3 and ability to speak and write English. Demographic, dietary (24-hr recalls and 2 day food intake recalls), psychosocial, anthropometric, serum lipids (LDL, HDL and total cholesterol and triglycerides) and physical activity (pedometer steps) data were collected. For study 1, the Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI-2005) scores were computed as a measure of diet quality in a sample of 125 women. Analysis of Covariance and linear regression was performed to determine the relationship between HEI-2005 and serum lipids. The mean total index score of the sample was 51.4 and was associated inversely with BMI ([beta]=-0.117), LDL ([beta]=-.659) and total ([beta]=-.690) and positively with HDL ([beta]=.216) (P<0.05). Less than 20% of the sample failed to meet the recommendations for fruits, total vegetables, whole grains and oil and 60% had overconsumption of solid fats, alcohol and added sugars. In study 2, snacking frequency and choices of 134 postpartum women were evaluated. Influence of snacking frequency on HEI-2005 scores and disparities in snack choices by BMI categories was assessed by performing ANCOVA. A majority of the sample (82%) consumed snacks and the most favored snack group was sweets and desserts. Increase in snacking frequency was associated with higher mean total HEI-2005 scores, and total fruit, dark green vegetables and legumes, total grains, and saturated fat (P<0.05) component scores when adjusted for energy intakes. Snacking frequency was also associated with higher intakes of protein, vitamins A and C, and calcium (P<0.05). In study 3, 66 new mothers participated and completed an 8-week weight loss intervention promoting exercise by using pedometers. Paired t test revealed improvement in physical activity after intervention. Linear regression analysis determined the ability of pedometer steps to predict weight loss ([beta]=0.465), % body fat ([beta]=-0.316), triglycerides ([beta]=-0.549), LDL ([beta]=-0.391) and total cholesterol ([beta]=-0.418). In study 4, a nutrition knowledge scale was developed and validated in new mothers. Knowledge was associated with greater consumption of grains, low fat meats and dairy (P<0.01), fiber (p<0.01), calcium (p<0.001), and iron (p<0.05). Participants appeared to be more cognizant of information about vitamins and minerals and weight management and less of energy nutrients and calorie counting. Hierarchical regression model identified age, education, ethnicity and income as determinants of knowledge.Item Dietary behavior in low income postpartum women : psychosocial and body weight correlates(2004-05) George, Goldy Chacko, 1973-; Freeland-Graves, Jeanne H.The purpose of this research was to examine psychosocial and body weight correlates of dietary behavior in low-income tri-ethnic women. In Study 1, a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was developed and validated against diet records in 95 college women and 50 low-income postpartum women. Pearson's correlations were 0.42 among college women and 0.45 among low-income women. Cross-classification of participants into quartiles resulted in 76% of college women and 79% of low-income women being classified correctly. These results suggested that the FFQ was valid for dietary assessment among young women in the southwestern United States. In Study 2, approximately 160 mothers were recruited in the hospital 0-1 days following childbirth, and prepregnancy weight and demographic information were obtained. Weight was measured at 6 months and 1 year postpartum; psychosocial factors were assessed at 1 year. Diet during pregnancy and postpartum was assessed via food frequency questionnaires administered at 1.5 months, and at 6 and 12 months postpartum, respectively. From pregnancy to postpartum, % calories from fat (delta = +1.1%, p<0.05) and added sugar (delta = +2.0%, p<0.05) increased. A greater percentage of lactating than non-lactating women (64% vs. 38%, p<0.05) met recommendations for fruits during pregnancy. Mean intakes of calcium, vitamin A and dairy foods were higher in women who had retained <10% of their prepregnancy weight at 1 year postpartum than in those who had gained [greater-than or equal to] 10%. During late postpartum, women in the highest tertile of compliance with dietary recommendations had a more positive body image (p<0.041) than those in the lowest tertile, and less neglect of self-care (p<0.001), weight-related distress (p<0.006), stress (p<0.009), depressive symptoms (p<0.020), and perceived barriers to weight loss (p<0.039). These findings suggest that the transition from pregnancy to postpartum is associated with a negative impact on dietary behavior in low-income women. Intakes of calcium, vitamin A and dairy foods may be associated with lower weight retention in postpartum. Furthermore, psychosocial variables may influence adherence to dietary guidelines during this time.Item Dietary Behaviors and Nutrition Knowledge among South Asians(2012-02-14) Qamar, ZubaidaSouth Asians have 2-4 times higher risk of heart disease than Caucasians, African Americans, and Hispanics and India has the highest number of individuals with type 2 diabetes. National studies on South Asians chronic disease prevalence, nutrition knowledge, and dietary patterns are limited in the U.S. since all Asian subgroups are aggregated into the "Asian" category. These are particularly important for South Asians because their genetic predisposition and acculturation into the westernized lifestyle after immigration increases their risk for chronic diseases. The objectives of the study were to focus on various factors that influence dietary patterns and changes that increase the risk of diet-related diseases and general nutrition knowledge of South Asians living in the U.S. The data were collected using a survey questionnaire on dietary habits, nutrition knowledge and health of 105 South Asians (men=58, women=47). The mean age and Body Mass Index (BMI) of the participants was about 24 years and 22.8 +/- 3.5 kg/m^2 respectively. On average, respondents scored moderately on dietary habits scale. Participants reported an increase in weight after coming to the U.S. The top 3 barriers to eating healthy were "not a priority", "busy lifestyle" and "healthy foods not tasting as good." The top 3 motivators for healthy eating were "losing weight", "prevention of diseases", and "ability to find quick healthy recipes." The nutrition knowledge was assessed by qualitative and quantitative measures .Approximately half of the participants reported avoiding junk, incorporating low fat, low sugar, more vegetables, fruits and increased intake of water. Furthermore, obese individuals scored better on dietary behavior scale as compared to their peers. The multivariate regression model was significant (df=13, F=2.980, R2 =0.356, P<0.002) for Nutrition Behaviors of South Asians and 35.6% of the variance in nutrition behavior was explained by the variables in the model. Nutrition Behavior was significantly and positively related to use of food labels and BMI. With the current emphasis on cultural competency and providing culturally appropriate health services, results from this study can help to develop strategies to prevent diseases using nutritional strategies and to promote a general healthy life style among this educated South Asian group.Item The effects of acute exercise on postprandial metabolism(2012-05) Trombold, Justin Ross; Coyle, Edward F., 1952-; Tanaka, Hirofumi; Brothers, Robert M.; Nunez, Nomeli; Hursting, StephenThese studies determined the role of carbohydrate deficit from acute exercise on postprandial triglyceride elevation (PPTG). In Study 1, when energy expenditure was held constant in the exercise trials, both acute moderate (~50% VO₂ peak; MIE) and high intensity endurance exercise (90% VO₂ peak intervals; HIE) were effective to lower PPTG compared to a non-exercise control [CON; 54.9 (13.5) % and 75.2 (15.5) %, respectively, relative to CON, p<0.05], with HIE significantly lower than MIE (p=0.03). Total postprandial fat oxidation was increased in both MIE [83.3 (10.6) %] and HIE [89.1 (9.8) %] compared to CON [69.0 (16.1) %, p<0.05), with HIE significantly greater then MIE (p=0.012). These effects occurred in the absence of any change in glucose tolerance. In Study 2, when an isoenergetic meal was provided immediately after an acute exercise session (80 min; 60 min at ~65% VO₂peak and 10, 2 min intervals) consisting of either low carbohydrate (EX+LCHO) or high carbohydrate content (EX+HCHO), PPTG was siginificantly higher in EX+HCHO compared to EX+LCHO [449 (118) mg/dL/4h and 325 (63) mg/dL/4h, respectively, p=0.03], despite similar energy balance. Furthermore, postprandial fat oxidation was higher in EX+LCHO compared to EX+HCHO [256.7 (57.6) kcal/4h and 209.4 (56) kcal/4h, respectively, p=0.002]. PPTG was significantly related to fat oxidation (r=-0.61), fasting plasma [beta]-hydroxybutyrate (r=-0.62) and carbohydrate deficit (r=0.51), but not energy deficit (r=0.25). In summary, these data suggest that post-exercise carbohydrate balance from both increasing carbohydrate oxidation during exercise (i.e., exercise intensity) or by reducing post-exercise carbohydrate intake, is an important determinant of PPTG-lowering effects of exercise and that this may result from changes in fat oxidation.Item Effects of prolonged sitting and walking for two days on postprandial triglycerides in men : interaction with energy intake(2011-05) Park, Sanghee; Coyle, E. F. (Edward F.), 1952-; Brothers, Robert M.Postprandial hypertriglyceridemia (PPHT), an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis (Smyth and Heron 2006; Nordestgaard, Benn et al. 2007), is strongly associated with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) (Kolovou, Anagnostopoulou et al. 2005). It has been proposed that elevated triglycerides after a high-fat meal may be a postprandial phenomenon (Zilversmit 1979). PPHT are commonly concurrent with sedentary behaviors, such as extended sitting, which amplify PPHT (Levine, Vander Weg et al. 2006). The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of prolonged sitting with or without a balanced caloric diet and walking with a balanced diet on postprandial triglycerides (PPTG). Seven healthy, young men (age, 25.6 ± 3.7 y; height, 174 ± 5 cm; weight, 71.4 ± 6.2kg; VO2max, 49.3 ± 7.7 ml/kg/min) were recruited from a college and from within the Austin community. After 2 days of food and activity control (D1and D2), subjects performed one of three trials in a randomized, cross-over design for 2 days (D3 and D4); (1) active walking with a balanced diet (WB), (2) prolonged sitting with a hyper-caloric diet (SH), and (3) prolonged sitting with a balanced diet (SB). High fat tolerance tests (HFTT) were conducted on the following day, (D5), after 13 hour over-night fasting. Blood samples were obtained in the fasting state and every hour for 6 hours after subjects had eaten a high fat test meal consisting of 1.2 g fat, 1.1 g CHO, 0.2 g protein/kg body mass. All food was provided during the 5-day duration of the study. Body postures, heart rate, and daily steps were monitored. In both sit trials (SH and SB), subjects sat ~320 minutes longer and took 10 times fewer steps than WB. In WB, the total area under the curves for plasma triglycerides (AUC[subscript T] TG) was lower, compared to SH by 21.3% (p<0.001) and to SB by 19.7% (N.S.; p = 0.055), respectively. In WB, the incremental AUC TG (AUC[subscript I] TG), an index of postprandial response, was lower than both SH by 17.4% (p <0.005) and SB by 20.1% (p <0.05), respectively. Postprandial plasma insulin concentration was lower in WB, compared to SH by 19.4% (p <0.005) in AUC[scubscript T] and 18.8 % (p < 0.05) in AUC[subscript I]. No differences were shown in the metabolic responses between SB and SH despite the diet modifications. These findings indicate that two days of prolonged sitting significantly amplifies PPTG and suppresses insulin action.Item Estimates of efficiency of Dorper and Rambouillet lambs.(2011-05-03T20:03:15Z) Yeaman, Jessup; Yeaman, Jessup; Waldron, Dan; Craddock, B. Frank; Engdahl, Gil; Salisbury, Michael; Scott, David; Angelo State University. Department of Agriculture.Feed intake and body weight were recorded on thirty-seven Dorper ram lambs and forty-two Rambouillet ram lambs from weaning to 61kg of body weight to determine feed conversion efficiency. The data were collected over a two year period. Lambs were progeny of 6 unrelated sires per breed. Lambs were approximately 90 days of age and 31kg body weight at the start of the trial. Lambs were fed a commercially prepared, pelleted diet with an average crude protein content of 16% and TDN of 70.5%. Lambs were divided into groups of 10-11 containing both breeds, and fed using FIRE (Feed Intake Recording Equipment, Osborne Industries, Inc, Osborne, KS, USA). Lambs were identified using a unique electronic identification ear tag transponder. Feed intake was recorded electronically and lambs were weighed every two weeks. Data were analyzed using SAS PROC MIXED with a model that included breed and birth type as fixed effects, a random effect for sire, and starting weight as a covariate. In both years of the trial, breed was not found to have a statistically significant effect on ADG or FCE (p>0.05). Post weaning feed efficiency was similar between Dorper and Rambouillet lambs. The Dorpers’ total ADG was 340 g/d; the Rambouillets’ was 342 g/d. The Dorpers’ average FCE was 0.159; the Rambouillets’ was 0.158. Over the post weaning period studied there was no advantage shown by either breed.Item Food Beliefs as Related to Ecological Factors in Women(Texas Tech University, 1964-08) Wilson, Mary MargaretNot Available.Item Immunosuppressive dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids differentially modulate costimulatory regulation of murine CD4+ T-cell function(Texas A&M University, 2005-02-17) Ly, Lan H.Consumption of fish oils (FO) enriched with the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), is beneficial to a variety of inflammatory disorders due, in part, to the alteration of membrane composition of T-lymphocytes and other immune cells. We previously observed that down-regulation of proliferation and cytokine synthesis by CD4+ T-cells in mice fed diets rich in n-3 PUFA was dependent on the involvement of CD28, a co-stimulatory molecule necessary for T-cell activation. Since the co-receptor homologues, CD28 and CTLA-4, have opposing effects on T-cell activation, we hypothesized that the balance of costimulatory and downregulatory properties of CD28 and CTLA-4, respectively, would be altered by diet. A significant increase (p<0.05) in CD28 and CTLA-4 surface expression was observed in CD4+ T-cells post-stimulation with phorbol ester and calcium ionophore (PMA/Iono) or anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 (αCD3/CD28) antibodies in all diet groups. A significant increase (p<0.01; 20%) in the number of CD28 molecules was observed in n-3 PUFA vs. CO-fed mice after 48 h of in vitro CD4+ T-cell activation, and both CTLA-4 mRNA transcript and protein levels were upregulated by 50% at 72 h post-activation (p<0.01). Treatment with anti-CTLA-4 mAb in vivo in Mycobacterium bovis (BCG)-vaccinated mice did not alter the suppressive effects of dietary n-3 PUFA on antigen (PPD)-induced lymphocyte proliferation or delayed hypersensitivity reactions. T-cells from both the C57BL/6 and IL-10mice fed dietary n-3 PUFA after 72 h of in vitro stimulation with αCD3/CD28. CD4T-cells from C57BL/6 mice fed DHA produced significantly less IFNγ and IL-10, while CD4T-cells from IL-10Ligation of CD28 upregulates IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) expression on CD4+ T-cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that dietary n-3 PUFA would suppress T-cell function through the effects of IL-10. Surprisingly, the proliferation of purified splenic CD4+ T-cells activated in vitro with αCD3/CD28 was suppressed by dietary n-3 PUFA in both conventional mice (C57BL/6) and IL-10 gene knockout (IL-10(-/-)) mice. Furthermore, IL-10R cell surface expression was significantly down-regulated on CD4+ T-cells from both the C67BL/6 and IL-10(-/-) mice fed dietary n-3 PUFA produced significantly more IFNγ compared to the CO-fed group.Item Lingual fungiform papillae and teh evolution of the primate gustatory system(2009-05) Alport, Laura Jean; Kirk, E. Christopher, 1974-Among humans, the density of lingual fungiform papillae (DFP) is correlated with taste sensitivity. The purpose of this dissertation was to investigate the evolution of the primate gustatory system through a comparative analysis of DFP. This investigation was conducted in three separate studies. The first study took a broad perspective incorporating data from 37 primate species to assess the relationships among DFP, body mass, taste sensitivity, and diet. Among the major findings of this first study: (1) Sucrose sensitivity was negatively correlated with DFP and positively correlated with papilla area. (2) Sucrose sensitivity was not correlated with the percent of leaves or fruit in the diet. (3) DFP and papilla area were correlated with diet. (4) The relationships between fungiform papillae and diet differed among different taxonomic groups. The second study of DFP investigated whether there are sex differences in the DFP of non-human primates, as there are in humans. In all five primate species investigated, females had higher mean DFPs than males. These sex differences were significant in Pan troglodytes and Cebus apella, and not significant in Alouatta palliata, Cercopithecus aethiops, or Varecia variegata. Pan, Cebus, and Homo share large relative brain sizes with associated life history parameters making each offspring very costly. Accordingly it was suggested that sex differences in DFP may be due to the particularly high risk of lacking nutrients or ingesting toxins for females of these three species. The third study was a comparison of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) taste ability and DFP in humans and chimpanzees. The major questions addressed in this study were (1) Is DFP correlated with PTC phenotype in chimpanzees as it is in humans? (2) Are there sex differences in PTC genotype and phenotype as there are in DFP? Although females had greater DFPs than males, and significantly more females had the genotype for higher PTC taste sensitivity, there was no correlation between DFP and PTC phenotype. Several explanations for the differences between human and chimpanzee results were offered, including small sample sizes for chimpanzees and greater accuracy in determining PTC sensitivity among humans.