Browsing by Subject "Coping strategies"
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Item A CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON AND EXAMINATION OF WORKPLACE BULLYING IN SINGAPORE AND THE UNITED STATES(2012-04-19) Lim, Jingpei; Lee, Jaesub; Xiao, Zhiwen; Atwater, LeanneThis study explored the levels of exposure to workplace bullying in Singapore and the United States and investigated how victims in the two countries coped with the bullying. Furthermore, this study assessed the extent to which face concerns (self-face and other-face) relate to the use of coping strategies. A questionnaire was administered to employees from Singapore and the United States. In order to participate in this study, participants had to have previous working experiences or they had to be currently working in a full-time or a part-time position. The sample size had a total of 721 participants, of which, 295 participants were Singaporeans and 369 participants were Americans. The results of this study supported the proposed hypothesis, whereby employees from United States reported that they experienced higher levels of exposure to workplace bullying than employees from Singapore. Moreover, a factor analysis revealed that there were three types of coping strategies used by both Singaporeans and Americans: negative reactance, indirect/passive fielding, and active solution. Results further showed that both Singaporeans and Americans tend to use indirect/passive fielding most frequently, followed by negative reactance, and then active solution. Self-face needs were directly and significantly correlated to the use of negative reactance and indirect/passive fielding for both Singaporeans and Americans. However, correlation analyses indicated that there were no significant differences between self-face concerns and active solution for employees in the two countries. Additionally, results revealed that other-face needs were not related to the use of any of the three coping strategies for Singaporeans but there was a significant negative correlation between other-face needs and negative reactance for Americans only.Item Communicative strategies for organizational survival : an analysis of stereotype threat of women in petroleum engineering(2012-05) Heller, Abigail A.; Stephens, Keri K.; McGlone, Matthew; Ballard, Dawna; Riegle-Crumb, Catherine; Berkelaar, BrendaThis study investigated stereotype threat of women in petroleum engineering, a traditionally male-dominated industry. There were two main purposes to understanding communicative aspects of stereotype threat: 1) the creation of a typology of stereotype threats received and 2) the elaboration of coping strategies used to mitigate threats. This research examined contextual factors that influence women’s coping, including socialization, psychological inoculations, and memorable messages. This work is a contribution to communication research as it examines these components through the lens of scripts, which considers stereotype threat from a new perspective that suggests people are active participants in mitigating threats. To complete this study, I performed 61 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with current or former female petroleum engineers. Through constant comparison (Glaser & Strauss, 1967) I analyzed the data and produced an initial set of 13 different stereotype threats and 11 distinct coping strategies. Upon further comparison, the threats and coping strategies were each consolidated further to five core categories. This typology aligns threats on a spectrum that runs from passive actions to overt actions, and threats closely adhere to the underperformance benchmarks of previous stereotype threat research (Aronson & McGlone, 2009). The coping strategies address specific actions women take to mitigate threats, and the strategies align with the long-term responses to stereotype threat proposed by Block, Koch, Liberman, Merriweather, and Roberson (2011). In addition, the coping strategies execute problem- and emotion-based coping (Folkman and Lazarus, 1980). A distinctive feature of coping is dualistic subversions, which is when women use a subverted stereotype threat to mitigate it. Finally, this study suggests that stereotype threats and coping strategies result from childhood socialization practices, a process that writes scripts workers rely upon throughout their careers. This study is a contribution to organizational communication in how it examines ways messages are communicated in male-dominated careers and how women can use communication to mitigate negative expectations that arise in those environments. In addition, it looks at communication events that encourage women to enter male-dominated careers. Finally, it adds to communication theory because it uncovers additional ways that people use scripts to mitigate stereotyping.Item Investigation of gender stereotyping, stress, and coping strategies for women and men in female- and male-dominated occupations(2001) Williams, Esmé Patterson; McCarthy, Christopher J.The role of women is radically changing. Today, some women are entering male-dominated occupations. However, success and survival are not always easy for these women due to unique occupational stressors, such as negative gender stereotyping (Spence & Hahn, 1997: Glick & Fiske, 1997), gender saliency (Spangler, Gordon, & Pipkin, 1978; Davidson & Cooper, 1984), and gender overcompensation (Williams, 1989). Stress is currently perceived as the common cold of psychopathology because it can lead to depression, anxiety, mood disorders and other psychosomatic symptoms. The first purpose of the current study was to investigate the differences of gender stereotyping and stress for women and men in female- and male-dominated occupations. Second, the study examined which coping strategies women and men used when coping with a work-related stressful encounter. There were 103 participants who were presented with a work-related vignette of a stressful nature. They were asked how they would cope with the situation by using the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (Folkman, Lazarus, Dunkel-Schetter, DeLongis, & Gruen, 1986), as well as by writing in one to two paragraphs their coping strategy. Subsequently, participants completed a stress scale, Symptom Check List-90-R (Derogatis, 1977), Attitudes Toward Women Scale (Helmreich, Spence & Stapp, 1973), and a demographic questionnaire. From MANCOVA analyses which examined the differences between women and men, and the type of occupation (female- or male-dominated occupation), it was determined that there were significant differences between women and men on the coping strategies used. Other differences were not statistically significant.Item The relationship of perceived racism, neuroticism, negative affectivity, and coping strategies to blood pressure, stress symptoms, and health variables among Latino college students(2007-08) Hosford, Scott D.; McCarthy, Christopher J.This study explored the relationship between perceived racism and stress symptoms in a sample of Latina/o women and men. One hundred and fifty-one female and male Latina/o college students participated in this study. Resting blood pressure, weight, and height measurements were taken after which participants completed 6 questionnaires measuring experience of perceived racism, coping strategies, neuroticism, negative affectivity, symptoms of distress, and perceived stress. Questionnaires employed included the Perceived Racism Scale for Latinos (PRSL), the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS), the Neuroticism subscale of the NEO PI-R, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-21 (HSCL-21), and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). It was hypothesized that neuroticism, negative affectivity, and emotion-focused coping would be positively correlated with self-reports of perceived racism while avoidance coping would be negatively correlated with perceived racism. Perceived racism was hypothesized to predict increased blood pressure, symptoms of distress, and perceived stress. Other predictors included in these regression models included, task-focused, emotion-focused, and avoidant coping strategies, neuroticism, negative affectivity, Body Mass Index, age, and gender. Emotion-focused coping, task-focused coping, and BMI were positively correlated with increased self-reports of perceived racism. Hypotheses that perceived racism would significantly predict increased blood pressure, symptoms of distress, and perceived stress were not supported. Notably, perceived racism significantly predicted frequency of visits to a physician over the past two months after controlling for variance associated with neuroticism, negative affectivity, coping strategies, BMI, age, and gender. Avoidant coping negatively predicted both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, while neuroticism negatively predicted diastolic blood pressure. Argument is presented to suggest that items measuring social support rather than maladaptive avoidant coping are responsible for the significant prediction of blood pressure from avoidance coping. BMI also predicted higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Male gender was predictive of higher systolic blood pressure while age predicted higher diastolic blood pressure. Neuroticism and negative affectivity were predictive of symptoms of distress. Perceived stress was predicted by emotion-focused coping, neuroticism, negative affectivity, and BMI. Potential explanations for these results are offered as well as implications and suggestions for future research.Item Stressful experiences, coping strategies and predictors of health related outcomes among military spouses(2007-05) Dimiceli, Erin Elizabeth; Steinhardt, MaryThe purpose of this study was to identify the most stressful experiences of military spouses in the last five years, coping strategies used to deal with these experiences, and whether the coping strategies used were predictive of health-related outcomes. Spouses of soldiers (N=77) in the Army's 4th Infantry Division at Fort Hood in Killeen, TX participated in the study. Results revealed that 85% of these spouses identified deployment of soldiers as the most stressful experience encountered, followed by relocation (11%), Sept. 11th (3%), and other (1%). Factor analysis identified 5 coping subscales used to address these stressful experiences: problem-focused, holding on, seeking social support, tension-reduction, and avoidance. Of these 5 subscales, an avoidant coping strategy (B = .46; p<.01) was predictive of greater physical symptoms of illness (R2=.14; p<.05). Further, avoidant coping strategies (B=.46; p<.01) were predictive of a greater number of depressive symptoms, whereas 'holding on' coping strategies (B=-.22; p<.05) were predictive of fewer depressive symptoms (R2=.25; p<.01). Implications for practice and future directions are discussed.