Browsing by Subject "Cognitive therapy"
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Item A cognitive modification program for the reduction of test anxiety(Texas Tech University, 1980-08) Smithy-Willis, Deborrah LynnNot availableItem A component analysis of cognitive training methods of augmenting hypnotizability(Texas Tech University, 1980-05) Marston, Peter DNot availableItem Acceptability of alternative treatments for adults(Texas Tech University, 1987-05) Shaw, David BrianTreatment acceptability of various psychotherapies was examined in this study. The responses of clients undergoing psychotherapy were compared to practicing psychologists and community representatives. In order to investigate treatment acceptability, all subjects were presented with a case description of a distressed adult. Four treatment approaches were evaluated: cognitive behavioral, client-centered, family systems, and psychodynamic therapy. Treatments were randomly presented in a 2(Case) X 3(Sample) X 4(Psychotherapy) split plot factorial design. Results indicate that cognitive behavior therapy and client-centered therapy were rated more positively by all three subject groups on at least one of the treatment acceptability measures. Clients rated all treatments more favorably than did practicing psychologists. Methodological limitations are discussed, and future research directions in this area are presented. Description of the development and validation of two treatment acceptability measures are included in Appendices.Item Cognitive characteristics of subgroups of juvenile delinquents(Texas Tech University, 1999-12) Frey, Eric D.Cognitive therapy methods have been applied to the treatment of behaviors and disorders related to delinquency; however, little is known about the cognitive characteristics of delinquent populations. Furthermore, little is known of how subgroups of juvenile offenders—such as those with aggressive behavior problems or internalizing symptoms—differ from each other cognitively. This study examined negative cognitixe triad, cognitive distortions, and attributional styles among 205 incarcerated juvenile offenders, ages 12 to 18 (155 males, 50 females). The youth and their parents completed measures of internalizing and externalizing behavior, and the youth completed four selfreport cognitive measures. The study examined: (1) cognitive variables associated with externalizing behaviors, (2) cognitive differences between aggressive and nonaggressive delinquents, and (3) cognitive differences between delinquents with and without significant internalizing symptoms. In addition, confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses were conducted with four cognitive measures to identify underlying cognitive constructs. Cognitive errors of overgeneralizing and selective abstraction were positively associated with self-reported externalizing behavior among juvenile delinquents. Catastrophizing errors were negatively associated with externalizing behavior. Externalizing behavior was also positively associated with self-centered cognitive distortions. An aggressive group of delinquents endorsed more negative beliefs about self and the world and reported more cognitive distortions of personalizing, overgeneralizing, selective abstraction, and catastrophizing than delinquents without significant aggressive behavior. However, after adjusting for internalizing symptoms, the aggressive group did not differ from the nonaggressive group in cognitive beliefs, cognitive distortions, or attributional style. Participants with significant internalizing symptoms demonstrated a more negative cognitive triad, more cognitive distortions, and a more negative attributional style than participants without significant internalizing symptoms. Factor analyses supported a three-factor solution related to Negative Cognitive Errors, Self serving Cognitive Errors, and Beliefs. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.Item Cognitive-behavioral intervention in persistent postconcussion syndrome : a controlled treatment outcome study(2002-05) Leonard, Kari Nations; Telch, Michael Joseph; Tucker, David M., 1953-More than 1 million people experience a mild brain injury each year in the United States. Up to 40% of these individuals continue to report persistent postconcussion symptoms (e.g., fatigue, headache, cognitive difficulties, emotional changes) many months after injury, yet surprisingly little research has been devoted to developing beneficial treatments for this disorder. The current study sought to examine the relative efficacy of two different psychosocial treatment interventions for persistent postconcussion syndrome. Forty participants were randomly assigned to either group-based cognitivebehavioral therapy (GCBT, N = 15), group-based education and support (GEST, N = 16), or a wait-list control group (WL, N = 9). GCBT included traditional cognitivebehavioral components including education, automatic thought identification and cognitive restructuring, in vivo exposure, relaxation training, and structured homework assignments. GEST included the full education component plus nondirective psychosocial support. Treatment outcome was evaluated in four domains: postconcussion symptomatology, quality of life, cognitive functioning, and emotional distress, at two time points: pre- and post-treatment. Results revealed significant improvement for treated individuals in postconcussion symptoms, neurocognitive functioning, and emotional distress. Active treatment demonstrated significant superiority over delayed treatment in reducing postconcussion symptoms, but was not superior to delayed treatment in other outcome domains. GCBT was marginally superior to GEST in improving quality of life; no other differences between GCBT and GEST were detected. Criteria for clinically significant improvement were met for 27% of GCBT participants and 31% of GEST participants. Exploratory analyses showed that several clinical and baseline variables significantly moderated group effects on outcome, including medication use at the time of study entry and baseline level of depression. Implications of these findings are discussed.Item Cognitive-behavioral therapy for depressed girls: a qualitative analysis of the ACTION program(2007) Warchola, Johanna Molnar, 1973-; Stark, Kevin DouglasThis study used a qualitative methodology to examine treatment outcome and mechanisms of change from the perspective of the participants in a group cognitivebehavioral therapy intervention for depressed girls (i.e., the ACTION program). Data were collected from seventeen participants using semi-structured interviews. Seventeen initial and seven follow-up interviews were conducted. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using the grounded theory approach. A theoretical model emerged from the data that explained mechanisms of change in relation to treatment outcome and evaluation. Prior to treatment, all participants were diagnosed with a depressive disorder. At post-treatment, approximately 88% of the sample no longer met criteria for depression. Thus, the ACTION program demonstrated a high rate of efficacy. Additionally, all of the participants described treatment as helpful. Level of helpfulness varied from high to low, with most participants rating treatment as very helpful, and depended on the ways in which the intervention produced positive change in the following areas: stressors, stressor management strategies, emotions, cognitions, and social support. Participants evidenced high levels of pre-treatment stressors, particularly in the interpersonal domain, and low levels of social support. Passive, emotion-focused strategies were used to manage these difficulties; however, they were largely ineffective. Not being able to resolve stressors successfully led participants to experience unpleasant emotions and negative ways of thinking. Together, these variables resulted in high levels depression prior to treatment. At post-treatment, most participants experienced several positive changes, including decreased stressors, increased effectiveness of stressor management strategies, elevated mood, and a more positive outlook. These changes were attributed to the acquisition and application of the core treatment components by the majority of participants. Some participants also experienced an increase in social support, which was associated with characteristics of the treatment structure. Thus, the two most important variables in relation to treatment outcome and evaluation were specific mechanisms of change (i.e., treatment components) and non-specific therapeutic factors (i.e., treatment structure). In addition, treatment outcome was also influenced by participant characteristics. Participants that held unrealistic expectations, were not ready for change, or engaged in limited problem-sharing experienced fewer positive changes over the course of treatment.Item Excessive reassurance-seeking, interpersonal rejection, rejection sensitivity and depressive symptoms: an intervention focusing on mediating mechanisms(2005) Ragan, Jennifer Dawn; Holahan, Charles J.; Telch, Michael Joseph.Abstract: The current study sought to experimentally test an established interpersonal theory of depression and a new cognitive-behavioral theory of depression. Coyne’s interpersonal theory suggests that dysphoric individuals engage in excessive reassurance-seeking to assuage fears of being abandoned (Coyne, 1976), which then elicits interpersonal rejection, further exacerbating depressive symptoms (Joiner et. al., 1992). A new cognitive-behavioral theory postulates that excessive reassurance-seeking temporarily reduces rejection sensitivity (anxious expectations of rejection) in depressed individuals (Schmidt, et. al., 1999), but in the long-run reinforces rejection sensitivity, which exacerbates depressive symptoms (Ayduk et. al., 2001). The current study tested these models by experimentally manipulating excessive reassurance-seeking within the context of employing a psychosocial intervention with individuals experiencing depressive symptoms. Eighty-three participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: 1) ERS-Fading (N=33), 2) Expressive Writing (N=34), or 3) Wait-list (N=16). Participants in the ERS-Fading (ERS) condition were asked to reduce their reassurance-seeking and to talk about their rejection sensitivity. To control for expectations for improvement and non-specific treatment factors, participants in the Expressive Writing (EW) intervention were asked to write about their rejection sensitivity, but were not told to reduce their reassurance-seeking. The wait-list was included to control for the effect of time. Treatment outcome was evaluated for depressive symptoms and quality of life. Five treatment mediators were evaluated: excessive reassurance-seeking, interpersonal rejection, rejection sensitivity, health quality, and sleep quality. Results revealed significant decreases in depressive symptoms for both treatment conditions in comparison to wait-list control. No differences were detected between the two treatment groups on any outcome variables, except that ERS-fading participants demonstrated greater response and clinically significant change rates than EW participants. Both treatment groups demonstrated similar expectations for improvement and all three groups demonstrated significant decreases in excessive reassurance-seeking, with the ERS-fading and the Expressive Writing conditions demonstrating equally robust decreases that differed significantly from smaller decreases reported by the Wait-list control. Mediation analyses revealed that decreases in excessive reassurance-seeking mediated the effects of treatment on depressive symptoms in both treatment conditions. Implications of these findings are discussed.Item Investigating the role of cognitive and behavior components in cognitive behavioral treatment for depressed early adolescent girls(2010-08) Patel, Puja Gandhi; Sander, Janay Boswell; Stark, Kevin Douglas; Keith, Tim Z.; Tharinger, Deborah; Kennard, Beth D.Depression is a significant mental health concern with a pivotal increase of incidence during adolescence, specifically for females. Currently, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most widely tested treatment for depression. Yet, it is unclear how CBT functions to produce effective outcomes. Adult studies have shown that behavioral components of CBT are more effective than cognitive components in reducing depression at acute treatment. Both behavioral and cognitive components have been shown to be effective in preventing relapse of depressive symptoms at follow up. Yet less is understood about how treatment components work together to provide positive outcomes, particularly for depressed youth. The overall goal of this study was to examine which parts of treatment (cognitive and/or behavioral) aid in symptom reduction and to determine if treatment outcome is mediated by cognitive change. Forty two pre-adolescent girls, aged 9-14, participated in a 20-session manualized group CBT program. The first portion of treatment (session 1-9) focused the behavioral intervention and the second portion of treatment (sessions 11-19) focused on cognitive interventions while continuing to reinforce behavioral interventions when necessary. Self report measures and diagnostic interviews were completed at pre-treatment and post-treatment. Using multiple regression analyses, the findings of this study supported the role of behavioral and cognitive interventions in reducing depression. Behavioral interventions were found to significantly reduce depression at post-treatment. Additionally, cognitive interventions were found to play a small, but significant role in post-treatment outcome, with preliminary evidence that cognitive interventions could also be linked to treatment outcome one year later. Treatment specificity could not be tested, as the cognitive change of depressed girls was not directly influenced by the behavior and cognitive interventions. Exploratory analysis demonstrated the significant role of behavioral techniques such as behavior activation, positive reinforcement, homework review, and skills training in predicting outcome of treatment. Implications of the results, limitations, and recommendations for future research are provided.Item SAA RED: a Burkean pentadic model to assist those having Asperger's syndrome with interpersonal communication(Texas Tech University, 2004-05) Jones, Ráchele JayneThe model found in this text was designed to assist those having Asperger's Syndrome with interpersonal communication in an easily replicated manner, using important details found within communicative interaction. Through using Burke's Dramatistic concepts, especially his pentadic ratios and concepts found in Judee Burgoon's Interaction Adaptation Theory, it is possible to assist those with Asperger's Syndrome in becoming more communicatively competent.Item The comparative efficacy of cognitive and behavioral treatments of depression: a multi-assessment approach(Texas Tech University, 1978-08) Besyner, James KeithNot availableItem Utilizing clinical practice to inform research on the treatment of eating disorders(Texas Tech University, 2002-08) Haas, Heather LauraA substantial amount of research on the treatment of eating disorders has accmed in recent years. However, there is growing concern that clinicians do not actually use information from the research when treating clients with eating disorders. The purpose of this study was two-fold. First, clinicians who had varying degrees of experience in the treatment of eating disorders (N = 126) were surveyed regarding treatment practices used with their most recent eating disorder client. Second, a comprehensive content analysis of published treatment outcome studies on eating disorders (N = 76) was conducted. Results from the clinicians' description of their work with their client with an eating disorder were compared to the results from the content analysis in order to directly compare what is being done in clinical work to what is being advocated in the research. Chi-square analyses were used to identify specific components of treatments in clinical settings that are different from treatments in research settings. The results indicated that treatments of eating disorders in clinical settings are significantly different from treatments in research settings along several variables including the gender of the client, the type of eating disorder exhibited by the client, the treatment modality used, the format of the session (i.e., individual, group, or family), and the types of issues addressed in. therapy. Finally, logistic regression analyses were completed to determine whether certain client or therapist variables reliably predicted the use of empirically-validated treatments. Results indicated that there were no therapist or client variables that were related to whether or not a client received an empirically-validated treatment. The results of the study suggest a strong need for better collaboration between the scientist and the practitioner. Clinicians have much to leam from research regarding treatments that have been proven to be effective. Researchers have much to leam from clinicians conceming the types of complications and problems seen when working with clients. It is through the collaboration of researchers and clinicians that the effective treatments of eating disorders will progress.