Browsing by Subject "China"
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Item "A Tolerable State of Order": The United States, Taiwan, and the Recognition of the People's Republic of China, 1949-1979(2012-10-29) Hilton, Brian PaulAmerican policy toward the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China from 1949-1979 was geared primarily toward the accomplishment of one objective: to achieve a reorientation of Chinese Communist revolutionary foreign policy that would contribute to the establishment of a "tolerable state of order" in the international community based on the principles of respect for each nations' territorial integrity and political sovereignty. China's revolutionary approach to its foreign relations constituted a threat to this objective. During the 1960s and '70s, however, Beijing gradually began accepting views conducive to the achievement of the "tolerable state of order" that Washington hoped to create, thus contributing significantly to the relaxation of Sino-American tensions and the normalization of relations in 1979. From this basic thesis four subsidiary arguments emerge. First, the seven presidential administrations from Harry Truman to Jimmy Carter pursued a common set of objectives toward which their respective China policies conformed, thus granting American China policy a degree of consistency that historians of Sino-American relations have not previously recognized. Second, the most significant dilemma American officials faced was striking an effective balance between containment (to punish aggression) and engagement (to emphasize the benefits of cooperation). Third, American policy toward the ROC throughout virtually the entire period in question remained a function of Washington's effort to reorient Beijing's foreign policy approach. Fourth, domestic American opinion was of secondary importance in determining the nature and implementation of American China policy.Item An economic comparison: the Soviet Union, 1917-1937 and Communist China, 1949-1962(Texas Tech University, 1966-08) Black, Harold TyroneThis thesis is an attempt to compare the progress of Communist China and the U.S.S.R. from the time of the communist take-overs to the end of their Second Flve-Year Plans. For China this period Includes the years from 1949-1962, for the U.S.S.R., 1917-1937. The emphasis is on the Chinese economy. The Chinese attempt to industrialize is, of course, the more recent attempt and is today more significant in terms of growth strategy for the other underdeveloped nations of the world. Thus since the Chinese experience is more recent and more relevant to today's underdeveloped areas, this segment of the paper draws the most attention.Item Andingmen & deshengmen guanxiang urban boundary revitalization(2013-05) Chen, Xiwei; Almy, DeanThe master's design studio project is a semester-long design course focusing on the methodologies and feasibilities to update the old city gates, walls and moats in Beijing with hybridized infrastructure as catalyst to its surrounding area's urbanrenovation process. With more and more emphasis on the re-construction of the old city-structure in Beijing (city gates, city walls and Moats dated from Ming Dynasty), its future urban design practice has become a critical topic. Study takes Beijing Anding City Gate & Desheng City gate area, together with part of the moat and city walls area linking those two gates as research object.Item Are independent directors effective in lowering earnings management in China?(Texas A&M University, 2006-10-30) Lai, Liona Hoi YanThis study examines whether board independence is an effective corporate governance mechanism in reducing earnings management in China, a country with significantly different institutional and legal characteristics from the Anglo-Saxon countries. I investigate: (i) whether voluntary adoption of board independence prior to the China Regulatory Securities Commission (CSRC) regulation on board independence is associated with lower earnings management; and (ii) the extent to which the CSRC regulation is effective in achieving the aim of inhibiting earnings management. I employ two stage least squares techniques to control for potential simultaneity problems between earnings management and board independence and documents that failing to control for such problems will lead to biased and inconsistent estimates. Using three different measures of earnings management, I show that firms that voluntarily move towards board independence (i) have lower levels of discretionary accruals; (ii) employ less severe income smoothing strategies; and (iii) are less likely to manage return on equity to meet regulatory thresholds. In contrast, firms adopting board independence following the CSRC regulation in 2002 do not experience any changes in the levels of earnings management before and after the regulation. These results suggest that regulation alone is not a sufficient solution to motivate effective independent boards.Item Beyond repair : state-society relations in the aftermath of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake(2014-12) Sorace, Christian Phillip; Moser, Robert G., 1966-; Hurst, William, 1975-My dissertation offers insight into the political epistemology of the Chinese Communist Party and state on the basis of their activities during the post-2008 Wenchuan earthquake reconstruction. By “political epistemology,” I mean how the Party thinks about the nature of politics, including but not limited to the role of the state in the economy. An important facet of this approach is taking seriously the CCP’s distinctive manner of thinking, writing, and talking about politics that is too often dismissed as empty jargon that means little in post-Mao China. I show how a Maoist conception of politics remains at the bedrock of how the CCP understands its own political identity and actions. Certainly, many of the salient features of Maoism have been discarded, such as the emphasis on class struggle, continuous revolution, and the role of the masses in political movements. Despite these trends toward de-politicization and technocracy, the Party’s confidence in the rationality of its planning apparatus and in its ability to mobilize politically to achieve the ends of market construction and biopolitical social transformation constitutes what I call Maoist neo-developmentalism. Each of my empirical case chapters examines a localized combination of post-disaster reconstruction with a national strategy for long-term, “great leap” development. Thus, each chapter traces how the Party’s plans to capitalize the countryside - by way of urbanization, tourism, and ecology – have become stuck in transitional processes. The spectacular market transitions and transformations envisioned by Party leaders became cycles of state investment in local economies that only function by virtue of continued state involvement. The Party’s massive expenditures of maintaining the appearance of success, however, generated local resentment at perceived waste, indifference, and corruption. Each case chapter shows evidence not so much of social resistance to the state (although of course that happened, too) but an intimate negotiation between state and society of high expectations, broken promises, and frustrations. I argue that these “perforations” deep within the tissue of the state-society relationship only make sense when viewed from the context of a Maoist social contact in which the Party’s legitimacy depends on its perceived ability to serve the people.Item Bridges in the global news arena : a network study of bridge blogs about China(2012-08) Zheng, Nan, Ph. D.; Reese, Stephen D.; Chyi, Iris; Dahlby, Tracy; Lasorsa, Nick; Straubhaar, JoeThe concept of bridge blogs and their function to foster awareness and public discourse across the world was examined by content analysis and network analysis of 426 blog posts and 1026 links in 11 bridge blogs about China from 2009 to 2010. This study proposes a theoretical framework to examine how bridge blogs’ network characteristics are related to their communicative practices. Three variables were examined with respect to the network characteristics of bridge blogs. First, this study identifies different types of bridge blogs according to the distinctive sites with which they choose to link. Second, bridge blogs’ role as bridges is directly tested by the extent to which they connect between online information sources that are otherwise separated from one another. Third, this study examines bridge blogs’ level of centrality, which is based on the number links they receive from others in the network. For communicative practices, this study measures the type of links bridge blogs use as sources in their posts and the communicative frames used to structure the blog posts. Bridge blogs exhibit internal diversity in terms of what distinctive sites they linked to, level of betweenness and centrality. The finding supports the theoretical framework proposed in the study that bridge blogs’ three network characteristics are associated with their practices of communication as reflected in their use of links and content structure. Bridge blogs that play a crucial interconnecting role and are central points of reference in the network are more likely to bring Chinese content (as oppose to Western media coverage) and citizen voice (as oppose to professional media content) to English speaking readers. In addition, the translation of Chinese content, which contributes more to the flow of information and views from China to the outside world, is valued more by bridge blogs (than others?) that are important interconnecting actors in the network and positioned as central points of attention in the network. Further, a textual analysis further enriches the understanding of how the communicative frames are practiced by the bridge blogs, as illustrated in their references to four high profile news stories about China.Item China's international quest for oil security(2006-05) Kimball, Jeremy Martin; Groat, Charles G.China's flourishing economy depends upon access to and greater use of energy resources, especially oil. Consequently, energy security has become of paramount importance to the Chinese government. China, however, perceives a reliance on international oil markets as dangerous and also considers itself vulnerable to the United States, which could conceivably restrict oil imports to China in a time of conflict. In order to enhance China's energy security, Chinese oil companies have sought to obtain oil resources throughout the world, and Beijing has cultivated closer relations with various oil-producing nations. China's heightened demand for oil and its efforts to secure access to oil resources are worrisome to the United States. Fears largely stem from the idea that increased consumption by both the United States and China will inevitably lead to fiercer competition between the two nations and result in a zero-sum game in which a gain for one country comes at the expense of the other country. Anxiety in the United States also is based upon the notion that, as China exerts greater influence around the world through its economic expansion and as it establishes closer bonds with oil-producing nations, China will undermine American interests and foreign policy objectives. Not all concerns regarding China are inflated, but many of them are. Indeed, China's rise will pose certain challenges to American influence and supremacy in some regions, and China's relationships with states that the United States would like to isolate are troublesome. It is important, however, for the United States to be selective in its criticisms of China. Unsubstantiated apprehension will lead to counter-productive policies with respect to China, which, in turn, will alienate China and render other attempts to support American interests fruitless. China's acquisitions of oil resources do not inherently contravene American energy security interests. Thus, the United States should not fret about China's pursuit of oil. The United States should continually reaffirm its professed faith in free markets, including their ability to provide energy security, and in that way allay Chinese concerns about its own vulnerability. If the United States can set aside its uneasiness about China's quest for oil, it can more effectively address Chinese actions that directly and negatively affect American interests and also recognize that opportunities for mutual gain and cooperation abound.Item China’s motivations behind “loan-for-oil” deals(2014-08) Awan, Umul; Gholz, Eugene, 1971-; Ronn, Ehud I.China has been undertaking a number of transactions with various countries referred to as “loan-for-oil” deals since 2009. In these deals, China extends a loan to a certain oil exporting country and expects loan repayments in the form of oil shipments at market prices. The aim of this thesis is to identify China’s motivations behind loan-for-oil deals. This paper analyzes each of two hypotheses separately. The first hypothesis is that “If China enters into loan-for-oil deals, then it is aiming to build friendships with oil-resource rich countries to advance its objective of energy security”. The second hypothesis is that “If China enters into loan-for-oil deals, then it is looking to diversify its financial investments from US treasury bills and views these deals as credible alternative investments”. The paper rejects both the hypotheses based on the information discussed in the thesis: the loan-for-oil deals do not enhance China’s oil linked energy security, nor are they a viable diversification from investments in U.S. treasury bills. However, by offering subsidized loans with relaxed conditions to oil exporting countries post the 2008 financial crisis, China is using these deals as an apparatus to develop friendships with oil exporting nations, thereby highlighting its interest in oil as a commodity. It can be speculated that the friendships formed as a result of these deals may contribute towards China's oil linked energy security goals in the future, however proving this conjecture is outside the scope of this thesis.Item China’s standardization & intellectual property policies : in light of WTO regime and membership(2011-05) Sozumert, Sait; Flamm, Kenneth, 1951-; Bussell, JenniferChina's policy makers see international standards as a barrier to their country's economic development, more importantly, as an offence to the country's national pride. This belief has been reinforced by the view that multi-national companies have used international standards to force developing countries to deprive them of the ability to enter the international markets by forcing them to pay high royalty rates, due to the patents incorporated in these standards. Moreover, these standards, as they believe, have been created at international standards setting platforms dominated by multi-national companies and developed countries. In return, China has launched several initiatives to create home-made Chinese standards free from patent claims of these companies. China's home-madestandards, some of which differ significantly from international standards, also reportedly serve to protection of its domestic market. China's accession to the WTO was formally approved in November 2001 and China became the WTO's 143rd member on December 11, 2001. WTO membership opened a new era for China. In spite of the international expectations for removal of all trade protection mechanisms which are incompatible with the international trade regime, China is reported to have sought to reform its policies by employing new strategies concerning IPR and standards. The thesis of this report is that China has not diverged significantly from developing home-made Chinese standards after the country’s entry into the WTO, but Chinese authorities have adopted more flexible strategies to implement this policy. Accordingly, this report is about change in policy strategies. I argue that China has continued to enforce its own will upon foreign companies with a strong self-confidence stemming from its ability to negotiate on unequal terms with foreign companies, owing to its sheer market size. However, China's new strategies have been shaped by weak coordination and disagreement among government agencies and institutions. To illustrate the potential explanatory power of this account, I have examined two important home-made standards initiatives by China; Wireless Authentication and Privacy Infrastructure (WAPI) and Audio Video Coding Standards (AVS). From the examination of the WAPI and AVS cases, I conclude that China's strategies have continued to evolve through disagreements and negotiations between Chinese government institutions within policy boundaries set by China's WTO membership and increasing international criticism.Item Collaborative consumption : its impact in the U.S.A and China(2011-05) Zheng, Jia, 1985-; Burns, Neal M., 1933-; Love, BradIn 2010, an innovative consumer consumption model emerged and companies like Zipcar and Groupon were important examples that demonstrated how rapidly new collaborative ventures were able to attract venture capital funding and attract members. The term “collaborative consumption” became part of the Internet lexicon and demonstrated that such sites and services were more than a way of promoting and selling products; rather, it is a marketing reflection of the ways in which it is now possible to interact and to share ideas and creative initiative in this digitally connected, globalized world. This report will examine the background of collaborative consumption and provide a pilot study examining its use across two cultures (USA and China), the life style and attitudinal variables that characterize those who use it. The discussion will also include the impact of this collaborative behavior on the role of advertising agencies as well as informed guesses about future growth of this retail and networked phenomenon.Item Constructing hydropower : labor control in Chinese transnational hydroelectric projects in Ecuador(2015-05) Peng, Ruijie; Auyero, Javier; Knapp, GregoryThis thesis explores an important question concerning Chinese transnational development projects in Ecuador: How have Chinese transnational capital and modernization projects in Ecuador effectively enforced workplace control? In order to answer the question, I have conducted ethnographic fieldwork in a large hydro-electric power plant a Chinese construction company is building in Ecuador. I focused my attention on employees’ labor process to examine the process by which labor control unfolds. Particularly, I delve into discourses and practices about divisions and differences and argue that they objectively structure Chinese and Ecuadorian employees’ labor process and thereby shape strategies for labor control. In this thesis, I shall explore the particularities of labor control that Chinese transnational construction company has set up in Ecuador to examine how it manages to achieve consent with workers. Borrowing from Michael Burawoy’s definition and analysis of labor process and labor control, I identified three categories, namely, professional ranking, nationality and gender as especially relevant in terms of structuring both the labor process and labor rights provisions at the camp. Applying this analytical framework, I show that the structured and structuring interactions between objective structural relations can ensure and sustain labor control on one hand, and Chinese and Ecuadorian employees’ subjective experiences with labor rights regimes and workplace control can reinforce such control, on the other hand. I argue that Chinese transnational development projects in Ecuador have developed unique practical logics which help to achieve labor control among Chinese and Ecuadorian employees whose subjectivities presuppose their labor process.Item Contingency on the Korean peninsula : collapse to unification(2010-05) O, Tara C.; Galbraith, James K.A collapsed North Korea would pose a momentous test to the future of the region. The five regional powers—South Korea, China, Japan, Russia, and the United States—are ill-prepared for such an event, partly because of the act of planning for it would upset North Korea. However, the potential challenges of a collapse are too great to ignore. This study presents an historical and political analysis of the increasing risk that North Korea may collapse. A comparison with earlier cases suggests that triggers and indicators of collapse can be identified, including increasing cross-border information flows, defections, and the possible death or incapacitation of North Korea’s leader. Further, the large and growing economic disparity between North Korea and its neighbors, South Korea and China, points to likely consequences of collapse, including possible mass migration. The study then examines the roles of South Korea, China, the U.S., Japan, and Russia in the future of the Korean peninsula; it concludes with a further consideration of the paradox of collapse planning, but argues that it would be better to run the risks entailed in the exercise than to be caught flatfooted when a collapse occurs. The analysis is based on interviews, surveys, and documents in English and Korean.Item Decremental budgeting in an incremental era: a study of the central-provincial budgetary relationship in the People's Republic of China after 1978(Texas Tech University, 1995-05) Yan, BaiThe Caiden and Wildavsky work of 1974 postulates a model of poverty-uncertainty: the governments of poor countries face disappearing and decremental budgets in financing public programs because of a lack of economic growth or poverty. The core argument is that economic development, as a critical variable, determines increments in budgeting practices. In other words, budgeting is incremental, and incremental budgeting results from the growth of GNP. This model has since become a set of principles with identifiable attributes to explain the budgetary processes in poor nations. This study is about application of that model in China's budgeting. China has a unitary budget system. The central government used to draw most of its revenues from provinces and its budget includes those of 31 provinces. Provinces thus play a dual role of collecting revenues from within and remitting them to the center in the name of revenue sharing. In 1978 China decided to open to the world, reform its economy, and decentralize budget to provinces. But the original intent of decentralization was to give incentives so that provinces accumulate more resources for further central extraction. The decentralization, however, has led to fiscal decline not anticipated by the reformers.Item Deliberating in the Chinese blogosphere : a study on hotspot Internet incidents(2011-05) Dai, Jia; Reese, Stephen D.; Lasorsa, Dominic; Jensen, Robert; Straubhaar, Joseph; Sjoberg, GidonThe concept of deliberation, both theoretically and empirically, was examined in the Chinese blogosphere by content analyzing Internet blog posts and comments, associated with sixty hotspot incidents in China from 2007 through 2009. Measurements of analytic and social processes were made and the factors that affect these processes were examined to identify deliberative patterns in the blog posts and comments. The findings suggest relatively substantial deliberative outcomes in the blog posts about the incidents, especially relating to the analytic process. Two variables were examined with respect to the factors that determine deliberation: an incident’s category (non-threatening, threat to performance, and threat to legitimacy) as classified under the command and control system, and information availability (news availability and total information availability) about the incident. Findings support the theoretical framework proposed in the study and suggest the following logical sequences: Firstly, the Chinese command and control system is a significant factor in explaining deliberative outcomes about incidents that can be categorized according to their level of considered threat to the system. An incident that was considered to be at a higher level of threat linked to a higher level of deliberation. Secondly, the command and control system also determines the information availability of an incident but in a negative way— incidents with higher threat levels have lower levels of information availability. Thirdly, information availability, in turn, predicted deliberation on its own—higher levels of information availability link to lower levels of deliberation. Moreover, information availability functioned as a moderating variable between the command and control system and the deliberative outcomes. Posts that were associated with non-threatening and threat to performance incidents, with higher levels of information availability, tended to have a lower quality of deliberation. Posts associated with incidents that were a threat to legitimacy, with lower level of information availability, yielded similar deliberative patterns that were of relatively high quality.Item The discourse of Women’s Art in 1990s China : context, motivation, and interpretation(2016-05) Lin, Chun-Wei; Shiff, Richard; Sena, YunchiahnThis research examines the discourse of Women’s Art (Nüxing yishu) in 1990s China. I stress the critics’ and curators’ role in naming, defining, and interpreting female artists’ works as Women’s Art. What was the relationship between female art production and the critics’ understanding of those works as Women's Art? I found that Women’s Art pointed to the incorporation of craft and representations of women or women’s minds. I argued that male artists of this period also applied domestic materials to their art and represented men in them. I intend to unpack the motivations of each critic within the history of Women's Art. Critics Xu Hong and Liao Wen developed this discourse to achieve visibility for women artists while attempting to make contemporary Chinese art history comparable to developed Western countries. I also analyzed the critical conversations of four female Chinese artists’ works: Yu Hong’s Portrait series, Liu Hong’s Soliloquy No. 1, No. 3, and No. 4, Lin Tianmiao’s The Proliferation of Thread Winding, and Cai Jin’s Banana Plant No. 58. Content and style were closely related to their interpretations. The subsequent exhibitions featured their works, and the critics’ discussions of these works were not limited to Women’s Art. Lin’s and Cai’s works do not include female bodies, and therefore, their critical interpretations have been limited to the discourse of Women’s Art. These two artists did not particularly favor this label, and their tactics were to redefine the meanings of Women’s Art. In sum, my goal is to expose the complex dynamics between female art production and the discourse of Women’s Art in 1990s China.Item E-waste trafficking : from your home to China(2011-12) Cheng, I-Hwa; Darling, Dennis Carlyle; Dahlby, TracyElectronic waste generally means discarded or obsolete electronics products. Around 20 to 50 million tons of e-waste is generated worldwide every year. The United States is the world’s largest e-waste producer, generating about 2.5 million tons of used electronics annually. However, American recyclers get to choose their own methods of recycling because there is no national legislation to regulate it. Often, the result is witnessed thousands of miles away, in growing dumping grounds in developing nations like China. Guiyu is a town in southeastern China that has become a center for processing imported e-waste. Local people extracting metals from e-waste use primitive methods that cause great harm to the environment and their health. I am doing a combination written and visual project to provide an overview of how e-waste trafficking works and what damage has been brought to other countries from U.S. e-waste exports.Item The efficiency analysis of the life insurance industry in China : based on the DEA method(2010-08) Deng, Yinglu; Brockett, Patrick; Damien, PaulThe life insurance industry in China has developed rapidly at nearly average 30% annual growth rate in premium, since the reform in 1980. The enterprise property, the industry organization and the market size have significantly changed in the last two decades, which can be observed through the four representative categories of companies constituted in different period, including the state-owned enterprises, the large domestic enterprises, the medium domestic enterprises and the joint ventures. How to evaluate the efficiency that the companies make use of the resource and contribute to the economy? How to make possible adjustment for each type of companies to improve the efficiency? In this paper we estimate and compare the efficiency of these four categories, according to the two main roles of the life insurance, (1) risk pooling, risk sharing and risk allocation (2) premium collecting, reinvesting for the high rate of return. We use the DEA method, a popular method for analyzing efficiency in management science, to solve the problem. The method replicates the input and output of the unit company by all the other companies in the industry to establish the ideal efficiency frontier, and ranks the real efficiency of each unit company according to the ideal efficiency frontier. In the empirical test, we attain the evaluation of efficiency for each category of companies. We can make appropriate input & output adjustment to them by the ranking of the efficiency. Based on the theoretical results, we provide some practical approaches, including the scale, expense and investment improvement, to promote efficiency of the life insurance industry in China.Item Emissions trading : China's practices in a global context(2015-05) Bergendahl, Justin Howard; Eaton, David J.; Busby, Joshua WThis thesis provides an overview of attempts to mitigate climate change through emissions trading systems (ETS) with a focus on China's recent announcement to implement a national ETS. The report begins with a description of climate change and the inherent difficulties of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Popular policy mechanisms that aim to reduce GHG emissions with a goal of mitigating climate change are described, including the United Nations efforts to implement an international ETS through international climate negotiations. The second chapter reports on international, national and regional ETSs, with a focus on a multitude of critical ETS components. The third chapter outlines the theory of linking ETSs, design considerations, benefits, potential barriers and risks of linking. The fourth chapter focuses on air pollution in China and the state’s response to limit pollution through regional pilot ETSs that may transition into a Chinese national ETS based on the pilot programs' results. The conclusion of the thesis focuses on the potential repercussions of the future implementation of China's national ETS. The thesis concludes that China’s selection of an ETS over other policy mechanisms can enhance other nations' confidence in an ETS's ability to reduce emissions without impeding economic growth. The Chinese system can influence future UNFCCC meetings and may facilitate global agreements. The lessons learned from China's ETS has the potential to encourage the development of existing and future ETSs. Asia could become the global center for emissions trading if China considers linking systems with existing and future ETSs.Item Endohelminths from six rare species of turtles (Bataguridae) from Southeast Asia confiscated by international authorities in Hong Kong, China(Texas A&M University, 2004-09-30) Murray, Rebecca AnnSpecimens of 6 species of threatened, vulnerable, and endangered turtles (Cuora amboinensis, Cyclemys dentata, Heosemys grandis, Orlitia borneensis, Pyxidea mouhotii, and Siebenrockiella crassicollis) belonging to family Bataguridae, were confiscated in Hong Kong, China on 11 December 2001 by international authorities. Endohelminth studies on these turtle species are scarce, and this study provided a rare opportunity to examine a limited number of specimens for endohelminths. Ten different parasite species were collected and there were 16 new host records. This is the first record of a parasite from P. mouhotii. The parasite prevalences found in this study provide a basis for a better understanding of the phylogenetic relationships of the family Bataguridae to other families, especially Testudinidae. Based on known life cycles, parasites found provided an indication of food preferences of these 6 turtle species that support previous studies of the turtles' feeding habits. However, the results of the parasite survey from O. borneensis provided additional feeding habit information. The list of endohelminths herein is intended to provide a foundation for future parasite studies of the 6 species of Asian turtles.Item Fallen Tiger: The Fate of America's Missing Airmen in China(2017-10-27) Jackson, Daniel; Dancy, JeremiahDuring World War II, America’s air forces in China reported 605 aircraft and 1,722 airmen as missing on combat missions. Fighting a savage guerrilla air war against the Japanese, the prospect of crash-landing or bailing out in a remote and dangerous land loomed ominously in the consciousness of every individual. Of the airmen reported missing, the Japanese captured less than five percent, while thirty-one percent died and twenty-two percent are still listed as missing in action. More than forty percent returned safely to American airbases. The number of dead and missing (presumed dead) corresponds closely to the statistics of Allied aircraft operating over Europe during the war. Remarkably, however, while less than twenty-five percent of those who survived the crash or bailout in occupied Europe made it back to friendly territory with the help of underground organizations, ninety percent of those who survived in China returned to friendly territory. The rescuers included Nationalists, Communists, warlords, and even alleged collaborators. Despite deep divisions throughout wartime China, helping downed American aircrews transcended politics. The purpose of this study is to go beyond the largely partisan and anecdotal histories of World War II in China to determine its actual military and social dimensions by analyzing and aggregating every available Missing Aircrew Report (MACR) and Evasion Report filed by China-based combat air forces. These contemporary reports provide a ground truth view unfiltered by Cold War-politics or self-glorification. The result is a revealing picture of the unexpected nature of the war in China, as well as a touching story of Chinese-American cooperation that transcended political and social boundaries.