Browsing by Subject "Carbohydrate"
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Item A low carbohydrate diet: Treating obesity related disorders in adults(2005-08) Rushing, Keith T.; Huffman, Lynn; Hoover, Linda C.; Felstehausen, Ginny; Couch, SueThe prevalence of obesity in United States adults from 1988 to 2000 skyrocketed from 22.9% to 30.5%. The healthcare community is struggling to find solutions to combat this epidemic. Several weight loss diet studies have demonstrated that low carbohydrate diets may be a reasonable alternative for individuals (including those with diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and high blood pressure) who have not had success losing with standard low-fat and diabetic diets. The purpose of this study was to determine the suitability of an ultra-low-carbohydrate diet for treating obesity adults. Participants were overweight or obese, non-pregnant, English speaking adults. They were randomly divided into two diet groups: (a) ultra-low carbohydrate (no calorie limit, 5% CHO, 35% protein, and 60% fat) and (b) balanced low calorie (1100 calorie, 55% CHO, 15% protein, and 30% fat, „T 10% saturated fat, „T 300 mg cholesterol, and „d 25 grams fiber). At baseline, study participants received instruction on specified diets, and they had anthropometric measurements taken (weight, blood pressure, and body fat using bioimpedance). Laboratory data was solicited throughout the study to determine an impact of each diet on blood glucose, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. The study lasted 20 weeks, with subjects receiving follow-up group counseling on specified diets and routine measurement of anthropometrics data. At each group meeting subjects were asked to complete a questionnaire to either gather baseline data, measure diet compliance and satisfaction, or to evaluate the study. Although both diet groups demonstrated weight loss, body fat loss and blood pressure reductions, the differences between the diet groups were not significant. Both HDL cholesterol and triglycerides demonstrated significant positive outcomes between the two diet groups (p < .05). Cronbach¡¦s Alpha demonstrated poor reliability for the satiety and compliance survey. Participation retention declined throughout the study with an average dropout rate of 14.9% per meeting.Item A low carbohydrate diet: treating obesity related disorders in adults(Texas Tech University, 2005-08) Rushing, Keith T.; Huffman, LynnThe prevalence of obesity in United States adults from 1988 to 2000 skyrocketed from 22.9% to 30.5%. The healthcare community is struggling to find solutions to combat this epidemic. Several weight loss diet studies have demonstrated that low carbohydrate diets may be a reasonable alternative for individuals (including those with diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and high blood pressure) who have not had success losing with standard low-fat and diabetic diets. The purpose of this study was to determine the suitability of an ultra-low-carbohydrate diet for treating obesity adults. Participants were overweight or obese, non-pregnant, English speaking adults. They were randomly divided into two diet groups: (a) ultra-low carbohydrate (no calorie limit, 5% CHO, 35% protein, and 60% fat) and (b) balanced low calorie (1100 calorie, 55% CHO, 15% protein, and 30% fat, „T 10% saturated fat, „T 300 mg cholesterol, and „d 25 grams fiber). At baseline, study participants received instruction on specified diets, and they had anthropometric measurements taken (weight, blood pressure, and body fat using bioimpedance). Laboratory data was solicited throughout the study to determine an impact of each diet on blood glucose, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. The study lasted 20 weeks, with subjects receiving follow-up group counseling on specified diets and routine measurement of anthropometrics data. At each group meeting subjects were asked to complete a questionnaire to either gather baseline data, measure diet compliance and satisfaction, or to evaluate the study. Although both diet groups demonstrated weight loss, body fat loss and blood pressure reductions, the differences between the diet groups were not significant. Both HDL cholesterol and triglycerides demonstrated significant positive outcomes between the two diet groups (p < .05). Cronbach¡¦s Alpha demonstrated poor reliability for the satiety and compliance survey. Participation retention declined throughout the study with an average dropout rate of 14.9% per meeting.Item Effect of carbohydrate and carbohydrate-protein supplementation on power performance in collegiate football players performing a simulated game task(Texas A&M University, 2007-04-25) Crawford, Glenda ElaneResearch has shown conflicting results involving the efficacy of carbohydrateprotein beverages on athletic performance. Purpose: To examine whether or not power output during the latter stages in a series of repeated maximal or near maximal effort anaerobic exercise bouts simulating a football game task was altered when consuming a carbohydrate-protein (CP) beverage versus either a carbohydrate-only (C) beverage or a placebo (P). Methods: Eighteen collegiate male football players participated in this investigation. The subjects' mean age, height, weight, and percent body fat were 20yr, 180.4cm, 92.4kg, and 12%, respectively. The experimental exercise sessions were completed by each athlete on three separate occasions, spaced one week apart. Subjects were asked to perform a series of maximal-effort weighted sled-pushes, which simulated a game-type activity over two halves of a football game separated by a 20-minute simulated halftime recovery period. Maximal muscle power was assessed through the use of a series of maximal jump-and-reach tests. The experimental beverages were administered during the first 5 minutes of halftime. Water was permitted ad libitum throughout each exercise session. The experimental beverages used included; 1) a commercially available flavored aspartame-sweetened P beverage, Crystal Light, (300 ml,5 kcal), 2) a commercially available C beverage, Gatorade Energy Drink????, (300 ml, 67.5 g CHO, 270 kcal), and 3) a commercially available CP beverage, Gatorade Nutrition Shake????, (243 ml diluted with water to 300 ml, 45 g CHO, 15 g Protein, 270 kcal). All beverages were randomly assigned and each player received all three beverages. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to determine if differences existed in power output between the experimental beverages. Results: The Least Square Mean (LSM) for jump-power was significantly higher after C compared to CP (1587.36 watts vs. 1577.42 watts, respectively; p=0.0095). The LSM jump-power after the P beverage was also lower than after the C beverage (1582.52), but was not statistically significant. Conclusions: These data suggest that average power output over a series of high-intensity anaerobic exercise bouts, which simulate football game tasks, is greatest after consuming a C beverage during the halftime break compared with consuming a CP or P beverage.Item The effects of carbohydrate and HMB supplementation on glycogen synthesis post-exercise(2013-08) Choi, Ran Hee; Farrar, Roger P.Carbohydrate plus additional protein supplementation provided immediately after exercise has been found to increase the rate of muscle glycogen restoration compared to carbohydrate alone. To examine whether leucine, and/or β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) to carbohydrate plus protein supplementation affects short-term recovery (45 min) of muscle glycogen, we compared plasma glucose and insulin, the muscle glycogen concentration, and the cellular signaling proteins controlling muscle glycogen synthesis 45 min after supplementation. Rats (n=35) underwent high-intensity resistance exercise followed by supplementation with carbohydrate (CHO: 1.2g/kg body weight), carbohydrate with whey protein (CP: 1.2g CHO + 375mg whey protein/kg body weight), carbohydrate with whey protein plus HMB (CPH: 1.2g CHO + 375mg whey protein + 400mg HMB/kg body weight), carbohydrate with whey protein, HMB plus leucine (CPHL: 1.2g CHO + 375mg whey protein + 400mg HMB + 444mg leucine/kg body weight) or exercise only (CON). Blood samples were collected immediately after exercise and 45 min after supplementations. Muscle samples of plantaris were excised immediately and 45 min post-exercise. Plasma glucose was increased by CHO and CPH supplementation and reduced by CPHL at 45 min post-exercise. Plasma insulin was elevated by CP and CPHL treatments compare to CHO. Muscle glycogen concentration was unaffected by all treatments and did not differ from CON. Phosphorylation of Akt/PKB, GSK3α/β, and GS at 45 min of recovery for all supplements was not significant difference from CON. Phosphorylation of mTOR was significantly increased by CPHL and CP supplementation compared to CON, CHO, and CPH. Phosphorylation of AS160 was markedly reduced by CPH supplementation compared to CON. These results suggest that supplementing with carbohydrate plus protein with or without leucine and its metabolite, HMB, to enhance muscle glycogen replenishment following exercise may not provide an advantage during the early phase of recovery (45 min). Furthermore, there is some indication that HMB may elicit insulin resistance, and this needs further evaluation.Item The effects of carbohydrate-protein supplementation on glycogen utilization and fatigue during a simulated soccer match(2010-12) Dessard, Benjamin; Ivy, John, 1945-; Tanaka, HirofumiThe purpose of this study was to examine if the addition of protein to a carbohydrate supplement (CHO+PRO), provided during a simulated soccer match, would reduce fatigue and muscle glycogen utilization in comparison to an isocaloric carbohydrate only supplement (CHO). Two female and eight male (n = 10) trained soccer players performed a modified version of the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) on two separate occasions, followed by a run to exhaustion (RTE). Supplements were provided 10 minutes before the simulated match and at the beginning of half-time, but not during exercise in order to create real-match conditions. Supplements were composed of 2.8% protein + 7% carbohydrate (CHO+PRO) or 9.8% carbohydrate (CHO). Muscle biopsies were performed before and at the end of the LIST, after which iv participants ran to exhaustion. No differences were found between treatments for RTE (489 ± 121 sec for CHO and 589 ± 186 sec for CHO+PRO) or glycogen utilization (37.9 ± 7.6 µmol•g wet wt-1 during the CHO and 29.1 ± 6.0 µmol•g wet wt-1 during the CHO+PRO). No differences were found for the other measurements such as sprint times, heart rate, RPE, blood glucose, lactate, and insulin. Blood Creatine kinase (CK), and overall muscle soreness were measured 24 hours after each trial in order to evaluate muscle damage but no differences between treatments were found. In accordance with these findings, the phosphorylation state of the protein FOXO3a was not altered differently by the treatments. These results suggest that the addition of protein to a traditional carbohydrate-only supplement provided immediately prior to and at the half of a simulated soccer match does not further improve the benefits of a CHO supplement.Item The effects of carbohydrate and amino acids on muscle protein synthesis after acute resistance exercise and muscle adaptation following chronic resistance training(2016-05) Wang, Wanyi; Farrar, Roger P.; Ivy, John, 1945-; Brothers, Robert M; Wilcox, Richard E; Jolly, Christopher A; Bray, Molly SResistance exercise (RE) is purported to induce muscle protein accretion primarily by stimulating muscle protein synthesis (MPS), with its effect potentiated by providing a protein or amino acid (AA) supplement post exercise. Glutamine, a conditionally essential AA, is increasingly recommended to improve exercise performance, but it is poorly soluble and unstable in sports drinks. This limitation can be overcome by combining L-glutamine with L-alanine to form a dipeptide (AlaGln). The first study demonstrated that AlaGln supplementation post resistance exercise significantly reduced the phosphorylation of AMPK and NF-kB p65 without activating intracellular signals for MPS. This study also showed that whey protein (WP) activated the mTOR signaling pathways without affecting signaling proteins that controls muscle protein breakdown (MPB). The results provide indirect evidence that AlaGln blocks MPB via suppressing the activation of AMPK-FOXO3A and NF-kB p65, while WP promotes MPS. Recent research suggests that adding carbohydrate (CHO) to a protein supplement post exercise can produce greater protein accretion and subsequently increase the magnitude of resistance training adaptation relative to protein supplementation alone. Early studies from our laboratory found that co-ingestion of CHO and protein, as compared with CHO or protein intake individually, had a greater effect on the activation of anabolic signaling proteins. However, the effect of CHO plus protein on MPS and muscle adaptation is controversial. The second study demonstrated that adding CHO to a protein supplement (CP) accelerated MPS via activating the mTOR-signaling pathway in comparison with placebo (PLA) and WP during early exercise recovery, but CP did not affect signaling proteins that regulate MPB. The third study found that CP enhanced muscle strength relative to PLA and WP. The greater strength development in CP appeared due to increased myofibrillar protein content. Increased muscle hypertrophy occurred without an increase in myonuclei suggesting satellite cell activation was not required for muscle fiber development. Taken together, the results of this series of studies suggest that 1) AlaGln inhibits MPB following acute RE; 2) Adding CHO to a protein supplement accelerates muscle recovery by stimulating MPS, and increases the magnitude of muscle strength by accumulating more myofibrillar protein in comparison with PLA and WP.