Browsing by Subject "Aerobic exercises -- Physiological aspects."
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Item Cassia cinnamon and acute endurance exercise for the enhancement of glucose uptake in healthy young women.(2009-08-24T20:24:40Z) Gutierrez, Jean L.; Willoughby, Darryn Scott, 1963-; Health, Human Performance and Recreation.; Baylor University. Dept. of Health, Human Performance and Recreation.The purpose of this study was to compare the effects Cassia cinnamon, cellulose placebo and endurance exercise on an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) blood glucose (BG), serum insulin (SI) values, fasting HOMA insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and Matsuda insulin sensitivity (Mat-ISI). On three separate days, 10 women (22.7 ± 4 years, BMI of 35.39 ± 5.36) reported to the laboratory for a fasted, venous blood draw. Participants were administered one of three interventions: 1) 5g of encapsulated placebo; 2) 5g of encapsulated Cassia cinnamon bark; or 3) 50 minutes of treadmill endurance exercise at a pace sufficient to maintain 70% of the heart rate reserve (HRR). Three hours after the intervention blood draw was taken, the participants consumed a 75g glucose solution in 2 minutes. Venous blood draws were taken 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after OGTT to determine changes in BG and SI. Statistical analyses included univariate repeated measures ANOVA, with an a priori contrast, and area under the curve (AUC) for BG and SI analyses. The total AUC for insulin and glucose, and Mat-ISI were analyzed with one-way ANOVA. Further analyses of the main effects were performed by separate one-way ANOVA analyses with a Bonferroni correction. All statistical procedures were performed using SPSS 16.0 software and a probability level of < .05 was adopted throughout. The HOMA-IR was not significantly different between the three interventions (p > 0.05). The Cassia group showed a statistical trend toward a lower blood glucose value 30 minutes after OGTT (p < .064). The peak blood glucose following OGTT was significantly lower in the Cassia group, as compared to the placebo group (p = .044). The glucose and insulin total AUC and Mat-ISI were not different between the three treatment groups (p > .05). This study provides evidence that Cassia cinnamon may slightly improve post-OGTT blood glucose but does not have any significant effect on insulin response. This study does not provide evidence that moderate endurance exercise modulates post-OGTT insulin response in overweight or obese and sedentary women.Item An investigation of the effects of regular exercise in older males on oxidative stress, skeletal muscle apoptosis, and atrophy-related gene expression in response to muscle insult.(2009-08-24T20:26:00Z) Buford, Thomas Wayne.; Willoughby, Darryn Scott, 1963-; Health, Human Performance and Recreation.; Baylor University. Dept. of Health, Human Performance and Recreation.The purposes of the present study were to examine the role of physical activity in males between 55-75 years of age on skeletal muscle strength and biochemical pathways indicative of muscle atrophy before and after eccentric treadmill exercise. Twenty-seven apparently-healthy, non-smoking men (62.22±6.16 yr, 175.26±5.31 cm, 88.74±12.53 kg) participated in the study and were grouped at either physically-active (N=14, at least 15 hours of exercise per month) or sedentary (N=13, no regular exercise). Following a familiarization session, participants completed skeletal muscle performance testing as well as an eccentric treadmill protocol (-17.5% grade) consisting of three 15 minute sets at 75% of VO₂max. Participants donated venous blood prior to, immediately following, and 24h following exercise and a muscle biopsy sample prior to, 3h following, and 24h following exercise. Muscle performance was determined using a Biodex Isokinetic Dynamometer. Venous blood was analyzed for CK, LDH, cortisol, TNFα, IL1β, protein carbonyls, 8-isoprostane, and total antioxidant activity. Skeletal muscle tissue samples were analyzed for mRNA expression of atrophy-related genes (Atrogin1, MURF1, FOXO1, FOXO3, IKKB, Ubiquitin, Ubiqutin E2, HSP27, HSP72, Id1, Id2, Id3, Myostatin, 20S C2, 20S C3, Calpain1, and Calpain2), protein content of pIKBα, Caspase3, Bax, and Bcl2, and DNA binding activity of p53, NFkB p50, NFkB p65, and GC receptor. At baseline, significant differences existed between groups for body weight (p=0.047), VO₂max (p<0.001), % body fat (p<0.001), SBP (p=0.032), mRNA expression of FOXO1 (p=0.043), protein content of Bax (p = 0.015), and several muscular performance variables. Following exercise, significant group x time interactions were observed for cortisol (p=0.048), FOXO1 (p=0.001), IKKB (p=0.013), and ID1 (p=0.049), while a number of group differences were observed for individual time points that indicate improved muscular aging in the physically-active group. The results of the present study indicate that regular physical activity in advanced age attenuates eccentric exercise-induced muscle force decrements. Meanwhile, sedentary individuals appear to exhibit altered muscular signaling in an apparently unsuccessful attempt to preserve muscle mass and force production.