Browsing by Subject "Acoustic"
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Item Acoustic impedance inversion of the Lower Permian carbonate buildups in the Permian Basin, Texas(Texas A&M University, 2004-11-15) Pablo, Buenafama AlemanCarbonate reservoirs are usually diffcult to map and identify in seismic sections due to their complex structure, lithology and diagenetic frabrics. The Midland Basin, located in the Permian Basin of West Texas, is an excellent example of these complex carbonate structures. In order to obtain a better characterization and imaging of the carbonate buildups, an acoustic impedance inversion is proposed here. The resolution of the acoustic impedance is the same as the input seismic data, which is greatly improved with the addition of the low frequency content extracted from well data. From the broadband volume, high resolution maps of acoustic impedance distributions were obtained, and therefore the locations of carbonate buildups were easily determined. A correlation between acoustic impedance and porosity extracted from well data shows that areas with high acoustic impedance were correlated with low porosity values, whereas high porosities were located in areas of low acoustic impedance. Theoretical analyses were performed using the time-average equation and the Gassmann equation. These theoretical models helped to understand how porosity distributions affect acoustic impedance. Both equations predicted a decrease in acoustic impedance as porosity increases. Inversion results showed that average porosity values are 5% [plus or minus] 5%, typical for densely cemented rocks. Previous studies done in the study area indicate that grains are moderately to well-sorted. This suggests that time-average approximation will overestimate porosity values and the Gassmann approach better predicts the measured data. A comparison between measured data and the Gassmann equation suggests that rocks with low porosities (less than 5%) tend to have high acoustic impedance values. On the other hand, rocks with higher porosities (5% to 10%) have lower acoustic impedance values. The inversion performed on well data also shows that the ?uid bulk modulus for currently producing wells is lower than in non-productive wells, (wells with low production rates for brine and hydrocarbons), which is consistent with pore ?uids containing a larger concentration of oil. The acoustic impedance inversion was demonstrated to be a robust technique for mapping complex structures and estimating porosities as well. However, it is not capable of differentiating different types of carbonate buildups and their origin.Item Acoustic waveforms produced by a laboratory scale supersonic jet(2014-08) Fiévet, Romain; Tinney, Charles Edmund, 1975-The spatial evolution of acoustic waveforms produced by a Mach 3 jet are investigated using both 1/4 inch and 1/8 inch pressure field microphones located along rays emanating from the post potential core where the peak sound emission is found to occur. The measurements are acquired in a fully anechoic chamber where ground, or other large surface reflections are minimal. The calculation of the OASPL along an arc located at 95 jet diameters using 120 planar grid measurements are shown to collapse remarkably well when the arc array is centered on the post potential core region. Various statistical metrics, including the quadrature spectral density, number of zero crossings, the skewness of the pressure time derivative and the integral of the negative part of the quadrature spectral density, are exercised along the peak emission path. These metrics are shown to undergo rapid changes within 2 meters from the source regions of this laboratory scale jet. The sensitivity of these findings to both transducer size and humidity effects are discussed. A visual extrapolation of these nonlinear metrics toward the jet shear layer suggests that these waveforms are initially skewed at the source. An experimentally validated wave packet model is used to confirm the location where the pressure decay law transition from cylindrical to spherical. It is then used to estimate the source intensity, which is required to predict the effective Gol'dberg number.Item Evaluation of Negative Stiffness Elements for Enhanced Material Damping Capacity(2010-05) Kashdan, Lia Beatrix; Seepersad, Carolyn C.; Haberman, Michael R.Constrained negative stiffness elements in volume concentrations (1% to 2%) embedded within viscoelastic materials have been shown to provide greater energy absorption than conventional materials [Lakes et al., Nature (London) 410, 565–567 (2001)]. This class of composite materials, called meta-materials, could be utilized in a variety of applications including noise reduction, anechoic coatings and transducer backings. The mechanism underlying the meta-material's behavior relies on the ability of the negative stiffness element to locally deform the viscoelastic material, dissipating energy in the process. The work presented here focuses specifically on the design of the negative stiffness elements, which take the form of buckled beams. By constraining the beam in an unstable, S-shaped configuration, the strain energy density of the beam will be at a maximum and the beam will accordingly display negative stiffness. To date, physical realization of these structures has been limited due to geometries that are difficult to construct and refine with conventional manufacturing materials and methods. By utilizing the geometric freedoms allowed by the Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) machines, these structures can be built and tuned for specific dynamic properties. The objective of this research was to investigate the dynamic behavior of SLS-constructed meso-scale negative stiffness elements with the future intention of miniaturizing the elements to create highly absorptive meta-materials. This objective was accomplished first through the development and analysis of a mathematical model of the buckled beam system. A characterization of the Nylon 11 material was performed to obtain the material properties for the parts that were created using SLS. Applying the mathematical model and material properties, a tuned meso-scale negative stiffness structure was fabricated. Transmissibility tests of the meso-scale structure revealed that the constrained negative stiffness system was able to achieve overall higher damping and vibration isolation than an unconstrained system. Quasistatic behavior of the system indicated that these elements would be ideal for implementation within meta-materials. Based on the results of the meso-scale system, a method to test a representative volume element for a negative stiffness meta-material was developed for future completion.Item History and Analysis of Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) for Oilfield Applications(2013-05-15) Kimbell, JeremiahThe inherent nature of distributed acoustic sensing technology is a direct result of two key components: optical fiber and the speed of light. Because the speed of light is constant and optical fiber is an isolated medium, combining the two creates a mechanism insulated from environmental interference that effectively ?moves? at the speed of light. This process is most visible in the telecommunications industry where the technology transports large amounts of data over significant distances at very high speeds. The same factors that make optical fiber excellent for transporting data (high speed and low environmental interference) also make the technology very applicable for precise measuring applications. Because optical fiber is insulated, a change to the fiber will have a pronounced (measurable) effect. These measurable effects manifest themselves as changes in the amount of light that is reflected within the optical fiber. This change in reflected light can be measured and quantified to indicate both the specific location along the fiber where the change in reflection occurred and the magnitude of the change in reflection. Knowing both the location of the affected area and the extent to which the reflection changed allows for precise measuring and subsequently, educated inferences about what caused the changes initially. The ability of optical fiber to detect changes at myriad intervals over long distances has particular appeal for functions involving remote and hard to get to environments. Both of these conditions are inherent to the petroleum industry and provide substantial incentive for investigating DAS for oilfield applications.Item The women (and men) who speak Funnyi: negotiating social meanings through palatalization of the Cairene nasal(2015-12) Sokhey, Navdeep Kaur; Brustad, Kristen; Crowhurst, MeganRecent works on palatalization in Cairene Arabic have focused on the social meanings and phonology of certain palatalized consonants in the Cairene phonetic inventory (Haeri 1996, Geenberg 2012, Watson 2007). The consonants whose social meanings have thus far been discussed in sociolinguistic works include the dental stops /t, d/ and their pharyngealized variants /tˤ, dˤ/. The coronal nasal /n/ has been noted to undergo palatalization in Cairene Arabic and its phonological conditions have been briefly mentioned (Geenberg 2012, Al-Saqqaf 1999), but no social perceptions have been examined for this palatalized variant. This paper is a preliminary attempt to acoustically describe and document the occurrences of the palatalized nasal and its relationship to the use of /t, d/ in 3 speech contexts in Cairene Arabic. It further explores the notion that palatalization of /n/ may contain iconic values that can be used strategically in conversations by its speakers to assume certain ‘expressive postures’ (Haeri 1996).