Browsing by Subject "3-deoxyanthocyanidins"
Now showing 1 - 2 of 2
Results Per Page
Sort Options
Item Genetic and Environmental Influences on the Inheritance of Sorghum with a Black Pericarp(2014-07-30) Pfeiffer, Brian KThe black pericarp trait in grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a novel trait with complex inheritance. In addition to its uniform, dark appearance, black sorghum grain contains high levels of favorable phenolic compounds such as 3-deoxyanthocyanidins (3-DOA) and condensed tannins which have applications in the specialty food industry as high-antioxidant food additives, natural food colorants, or natural food preservatives. Previous studies have indicated the trait is not fully penetrant in all environmental conditions. Additionally, black sorghum has acceptable agronomic performance, but is significantly lower yielding than other elite grain sorghum hybrids. Further improvement of black sorghum is dependent on understanding the factors?both genetic and environmental?influencing the expression of this trait. The first of two studies investigated the effect of light shading on grain color and grain composition in black Tx3362. Increased light shading reduced, and in some cases, eliminated the black color resulting in red grain production. In addition, increased shading reduced the concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanidins, total phenols, tannins, and fiber while increasing fat concentrations. Thus the black pericarp trait and associated high phenolic concentrations are strongly influenced by both intensity and duration of sunlight exposure. In the second study, a generation means analysis was performed to determine the genetic factors affecting the trait. This study concluded grain color and associated grain composition traits were influence by additive, dominance, and epistatic effects. The generation means analysis also determined the black pericarp trait is recessive, controlled by multiple genes, and is moderate to highly heritable. Despite these challenges, there is enough variation in breeding populations between red and black parents for further improvement of the trait. Creation of high yielding hybrids with uniformly dark grain and high levels of phenolic compounds will be possible through standard plant breeding practices.Item Phenolic Compounds of Sorghum, their Chemopreventive Properties and Absorption(2013-07-12) Taleon Alban, Victor ManuelSorghum contains many phenolic compounds which have potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and chemopreventive properties as well as natural colorants in foods. Phenolic compounds of stalks, sheaths, leaves, glumes and grains from tan (ARTx631/RTx436), red (Tx2911) and purple (Tx3362) sorghum plants were characterized by UPLC-MS/MS. Antiproliferative properties of selected sorghum extracts were evaluated using HT-29 colon cancer cells and absorption of their polyphenolics was determined by a Caco-2 in vitro model system. Phenolic acids, flavones, 3-deoxyanthocyanidins and chalcones were found in all plant components. Phenolic acids were predominant in the stalks, sheaths and grains of all sorghum types. Flavone glycosides were predominant in leaves, sheaths and stalks while flavone aglycones in glumes and grains. 3-Deoxyanthocyanidins and chalcones were mostly found in sheaths, leaves, glumes and grains of Tx2911 (red) and Tx3362 (purple) genotypes. Sorghum leaves showed high levels of flavone glycosides while glumes had high levels of flavones aglycones. Glume extract of ATx631/RTx436 (tan) and Tx2911 genotypes had the strongest antiproliferation activity (IC_(50) = 85-178 ?g/ml), these extracts had also the highest levels of flavone aglycones (19.6-49.8 mg/g). Absorption of flavones (30.4-42.3 %) was higher than 3-deoxyantocyanidins (1.4-11.3%), while absorption of methoxylated 3-deoxyanthocyanidins (11.3%) was higher than non-methoxylated 3-deoxyanthocyanidins (1.4 ? 1.6 %). Flavones had high absorption compared to other sorghum phenolics suggesting that sorghum flavone aglycones are more bioavailable than other sorghum phenolic compounds. Consequently, sorghum glumes could be used as used as a source of phytochemicals to increase value of sorghum crop.